Trends of Student Mobility in China: Inbound Student by Country of Origin Data Source: Chinese Educational Statistics Yearbook

Trends of Student Mobility in China: Inbound Student by Degree Level Data Source: Chinese Educational Statistics Yearbook

Rationales for Present Policy Rationales for the policy changes : Important Strategy for China’s future development Capacity building: International competitiveness Human capital and manpower Economic development

Case of Japan Yuki Watabe, Ph.D. Candidate University of Minnesota

Trends of Higher Education Increase Ratio Number of Universities % Number of all types of higher ed. 4,2864,214-2% # of Students at Universities 2,740,0232,836,1273.5% # of Students at all types of higher ed. 3,761,7253,651, % # of International Students64,011123,82948% Entry Ratio at Universities40%49% Entry Ratio at all types of higher ed. 66%71% Data source: MEXT

Trends of International Students Data source: MEXT and JASSO : Total: 123,820 (4.5%) Exchange: 9,756 (16.6%) 2008: Total: 123,820 (4.5%) Exchange: 9,756 (16.6%)

Trends of Japanese Studying Abroad Data source: MEXT

Characteristics of Int’l Student Mobility INBOUDN MOBILITY Japan was ranked 6 th with 4.5% of the total global market share (UNESCO, 2007). International student population accounts for about 3% of the total student population. Total: 92% from Asia; 5% from Europe and North America Exchange: 61% from Asia; 34% from Europe and North America. Exchange students account for 7%. Academic Level: Graduate 26%; Undergraduate 49% OUTBOUND MOBILITY Japan was ranked 4 th in 2000 (IDP, 2005). About 2% of the total student population study abroad. Over 70% of Japanese students study abroad in Western countries. The number of Japanese students studying in North America decreased while it increased in Asia, Europe and Oceania.

Trends of National Polices on Student Mobility Plan of 100,000 Foreign Student Policy Plan of 300,000 Foreign Student Policy RationaleContribution of Japan as a member of international society International competitiveness (emergence of global market of higher education) PoliciesODA (Official Development Assistant) Policies Higher Education Policies Meaning of student mobility Unilateral exchangeMobility Short-term study abroad double/joint degree Perception on int’l students Future leaders in home countryHuman capital in Japan Consumer/Customer

Plan of 300,000 Int’l Students GoalTo open Japanese society to the world Objective300,000 int’l students by 2020 InitiativesFrom recruitment to employment Global 30 (Int’l standardization of selected Japanese universities) Programs taught in English Double-degree programs and short-term programs Professionalization of internationalization activities Offshore offices Int’l students: 20% (at least 10%) Int’l faculty: 10% (at least 5%)

Case of Malaysia Hiroko Akiba, Ph.D. Hitotsubashi University

Basic Fact about Malaysia Population: 28 million -Malay, Chinese, and Indians Major Religions: Muslim, Buddhism, Hindu Official language: Malay Geographic: peninsular (West) and insular (East) Malaysia

Socio Economic Factors Affecting Inbound/Outbound Student Mobility in Malaysia Racial quota system to influence access to public higher education institutions by ethnicity: Bumiputra 24,957 (62%), Chinese 12,616 (32%), and Indian 2,443 (6%) (New Strait Times, June 20, 2006) Shift of focus on higher education after the 1997 Asian economic crisis  before the economic crisis: emphasis on preserving national identity  after the economic crisis: building skilled manpower by training them locally and also attracting international students to Malaysia International higher education policy is stated in the Ninth Malaysian Plan, a comprehensive national guideline for economic development.

International Education Policy in Malaysia Efforts will be intensified to develop Malaysia into a regional centre for excellence in education and training through smart public-private partnerships. A dedicated agency will be established to promote and export higher education through more strategic marketing and branding of educational products in order to attract a target of 100,000 foreign students at all levels including the school level by Private education and training providers will be required to enhance their quality as well as specialize and offer more high-end courses with competitive fee structures to attract foreign students (Ninth Malaysian Plan, 2006, p.258).

Plan of 100,000 Int’l Students GoalTo make Malaysia as a regional center of educational excellence Objective100,000 int’l students by 2010 (80,000 at higher ed.) Initiatives Deregulation of private education sector ・ foreign university branch campuses ・ transnational education programs ・ increase of programs taught in English ・ more programs taught in English at graduate level in public sector ・ 4 Malaysian education promotion offices ・ active recruitment in target countries/regions

Number of Students Inbound/Outbound year Number of international students studying in Malaysia 16,51428,02231,28832,25440,74944,33947,928 Number of Malaysian students studying abroad 103,72642,78042,10943,27956,60953,92454,915 Source: Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia

Number of International Students Studying at Public/Private Higher Education Institutions Year Public5,2395,7356,6227,94114,324 Private25,15825,93933,90336,44933,604 Total30,39731,67440,52544,39047,928 Source: Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia

Major Challenges of International Student Policy in Malaysia Research capacity building at public/private institutions Improvement of quality education International presence of Malaysia in the education sector Preserving Asian values Growing demand for English as a medium of instruction (gap between public and private sector)