Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command TRADOC DCSINT

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Opposing Force Operations FM OPFOR FM Opposing Force: Operations Chapter 11 NBC and Smoke Operations

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT OPFOR NBC Preparedness Locate & destroy enemy NBC capability Multiple OPFOR options –Precision weapons capable of conventional and NBC effects –OPFOR NBC used to deter aggression or in retaliation against attack –Delivered by SSM, artillery, aircraft, and SPF Enemy NBC delivery means receive highest priority in targeting

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Staff Responsibility Offensive operations –Chief of WMD responsible for planning use of WMD –Provides advice to OSC commander and staff on NBC issues –Supported by liaison teams Defensive operations –Chief of force protection responsible for NBC defense –Supported by liaison teams

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Chemical Warfare Chemical Warfare Weapons and Agents Delivery means include aircraft, MRLs, artillery, mines, rockets, and SSMs Include both lethal and nonlethal agents Include persistent and nonpersistent agents

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Chemical Warfare Chemical Warfare Other Toxic Chemicals Toxic Industrial Chemicals –Near universal availability –Weapon of opportunity –Threat from collateral damage Household Chemicals –Mixtures can create chemical reactions –Results can be explosions, fires, and toxic materials

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Chemical Warfare Chemical Warfare Chemical Release Most likely to use chemicals than other NBC weapons systems NCA holds initial authorization for release Subsequent release authorized by commanders

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Chemical Warfare Chemical Warfare Offensive Chemical Employment Basic principle is surprise Nonpersistent agents used on axes planned for OPFOR use Persistent agents used on targets conventional and precision weapons cannot destroy

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Chemical Warfare Chemical Warfare Defensive Chemical Employment Disrupt enemy assembly areas Limit maneuver Deny routes of advance Destroy momentum Deny terrain Canalize attacking forces

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Nuclear Warfare OPFOR continuously plans for nuclear use State will retaliate with nuclear weapons if attacked with them More likely to use nuclear weapons on regional opponents Delivery means include aircraft, SSMs, artillery, and SPF

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Nuclear Warfare Nuclear Warfare Types of Nuclear Attack Massed attack –Multiple munitions used simultaneously or in a short period of time –Goal to destroy a single large/several enemy formations Individual attack –Goal to destroy a single target –Consists of a single weapon

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Nuclear Warfare Nuclear Warfare Nuclear Release NCA holds initial authorization for release Initial fire plan developed at national level Subsequent use may be delegated to OSC commander

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Nuclear Warfare Nuclear Warfare Offensive Nuclear Employment Mass and surprise for initial use Initial objective to isolate the battlefield Used to set conditions for exploitation force Planning centers on countering enemy use of nuclear weapons, maintaining the initiative, and maintaining fire superiority

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Nuclear Warfare Nuclear Warfare Defensive Nuclear Employment Primary uses include— –Destroy nuclear/precision weapons –Destroy main attacks –Eliminate penetrations –Support counterattacks –Deny areas to the enemy –Conduct preemptive attack Results allow OPFOR to switch to offense

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Biological Warfare Biological Warfare Weapons and Agents Agents include pathogenic microbes, microorganism toxins, and bioregulating compounds Provide wide-area coverage Persistent agents can last for weeks Incubation periods delay effects

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Biological Warfare Biological Warfare Delivery Means Aerosols are most efficient Biological munitions include –Point-source bomblets –Line-source tanks Delivery systems –Rockets –Artillery –Aircraft –Saboteurs –SPF/sympathizers/insurgents/terrorists –Infected rodents

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Biological Warfare Biological Warfare Targets Nuclear delivery units Airfields Logistics facilities C 2 centers Food supplies/water sources Troop concentrations Convoys Population centers

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Biological Warfare Biological Warfare Biological Release NCA holds release authority Major concern over controlling epidemics Incubation period allows deniability by the State Plague Flea Anthrax

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT NBC Protection Capability equal to extraregional forces Operational-Tactical responses to NBC threat: –Delivery system destruction –Dispersion of forces –Speed of advance –C 3 D –Continuous contact Chemical defense units responsible for all NBC protection and reconnaissance Equipment includes protective clothing, vehicle overpressure & filtration systems, NBC reconnaissance, and decontamination

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINTSmoke OPFOR plans extensive smoke use Smoke companies allocated to OSCs Agents include both neutral and toxic smoke

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Smoke (Continued) Delivery systems include— Grenades VEESS Smoke barrels, drums, & pots Mortar, artillery, and rockets Ground & air spray tanks Smoke bombs Ground & air large area smoke generators

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINTSmokescreens OPFOR employs three types Blinding – mask friendly forces from enemy observation Camouflage – supports C 3 D measures Decoy – deceive the enemy about troop location and direction of attack

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT Strategic Context Regional operations –Low probability of retaliation by neighbors –Early use of chemical weapons Transition operations –Disrupt deployment of extraregional force –Target C 2, logistics, RISTA, and contractors –Coordinated with IW plan Adaptive operations –Allow no sanctuary for the enemy –Continue to coordinate with IW plan

Previous Slide TRADOC DCSINT NBC and Smoke Operations NBC and Smoke Operations Summary Preparedness Staff responsibility Chemical warfare Nuclear warfare Biological warfare NBC protection Smoke Strategic context