Ronald Reagan

Reagan’s View of the USSR Speech to National Association of Evangelicals: “Evil Empire” speech, March 10, 1983 “Evil Empire” “Evil Empire”

Realist Secretaries of State Alexander Haig George Shultz

The Problems 1. Third Wave of Marxism 2. Viet Nam Syndrome 3. Decade of Neglect

1. Third Wave of Marxism Cambodia, Viet Nam Cambodia, Viet Nam Angola, Ethiopia, Mozambique Angola, Ethiopia, Mozambique Afghanistan Afghanistan Nicaragua and leftist revolution in El Salvador Nicaragua and leftist revolution in El Salvador

Third Wave of Marxism

Solution to Third Wave: Reagan Doctrine NicaraguaContras

Afghanistan Mujahadin

Angola UNITA’s Jonas Savimbi UNITA’s Jonas Savimbi

2. Viet Nam Syndrome Fall of Saigon, April 29, 1975 Fall of Saigon, April 29, 1975

Solution to Viet Nam Syndrome: Use Force Libya 1981 Libya 1981

Grenada 1983

Beirut 1983

3. Decade of Neglect From: ARMING AMERICA: Attention and Inertia in U.S. National Security Spending

Soviet ICBMs 1980s-90s From, US Dept of Defense, Soviet Military Power, 1987: From, US Dept of Defense, Soviet Military Power, 1987:

Solution to Decade of Neglect Source: Center for Defense Information 2004 Yearbook ( s.html) Source: Center for Defense Information 2004 Yearbook ( s.html)

Strategic Defense Initiative Reagan’s SDI speech, March 23, 1983 SDI From:

Political/Cultural Effects

Case Study of Reagan Doctrine Nicaragua

Revolution in Nicaragua Anastasio Somoza Anastasio Somoza Pres. of Nicaragua Daniel Ortega, leader of the Sandinistas Daniel Ortega, leader of the Sandinistas

Contras

Key Phrase of 2 nd Boland Amendment: ( ) Boland AmendmentBoland Amendment ''No funds available to the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of Defense or any other agency or entity of the United States involved in intelligence activities may be obligated or expended for the purpose or which would have the effect of supporting, directly or indirectly, military or paramilitary operations in Nicaragua by any nation, group, organization, movement or individual.'‘ ''No funds available to the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of Defense or any other agency or entity of the United States involved in intelligence activities may be obligated or expended for the purpose or which would have the effect of supporting, directly or indirectly, military or paramilitary operations in Nicaragua by any nation, group, organization, movement or individual.'‘ From: NY TIMES on line: hearings-text-of-key-amendment.html?pagewanted=1; For Excerpts and explanation, from US Government Accountability Office – GAO, hearings-text-of-key-amendment.html?pagewanted=1 hearings-text-of-key-amendment.html?pagewanted=1

Contra Scandal Private US $ Foreign Gov’t $ Swiss bank accounts; controlled by Oliver North of NSC Staff Contras

Some Congressional Restrictions on Arms Sales in 1980s Arms Export Control Acts No arms sales to nations determined to be sponsors of terrorism (US State Dept determines which nations fit into this category; it included Iran) No arms sales to nations determined to be sponsors of terrorism (US State Dept determines which nations fit into this category; it included Iran) No arms sales of over $25 m in value without congressional approval (1974); A 1976 bill lowered this to $14 m for sophisticated weaponry and $50 m for other items No arms sales of over $25 m in value without congressional approval (1974); A 1976 bill lowered this to $14 m for sophisticated weaponry and $50 m for other items Both the House and Senate would have to reject the arms salesBoth the House and Senate would have to reject the arms sales

The Iran Contra Scandal Private US $ Foreign Gov’t $ $$$ $$$Hostages weapons weaponsweapons Swiss bank accounts; controlled by North Contras Israel Iran US

The Fight Over the Contras William Adm. John Lt. Col. Casey PoindexterOliver North

Big Picture Issue Congress has the power to restrict US government spending Congress has the power to restrict US government spending Can the President ignore those restrictions? Can the President ignore those restrictions? Can President ignore aspects of law President does not agree with? Can President ignore aspects of law President does not agree with? If so, does Congress have any role to shape foreign policy? If so, does Congress have any role to shape foreign policy? If so, do we have checks and balances? If so, do we have checks and balances?

The End of the Cold War Leonid YuriKonstantin BrezhnevAndropovChernenko

New Soviet Leadership General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev Foreign Minister Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze Eduard Shevardnadze

Gorbachev’s New Thinking Perestroika: RestructuringPerestroika: Restructuring Glasnost: OpennessGlasnost: Openness Foreign PolicyForeign Policy 1987: Intermediate Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty1987: Intermediate Nuclear Force (INF) TreatyINF) TreatyINF) Treaty 1990: Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty1990: Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty(CFE) Treaty(CFE) Treaty 1991: Strategic Arms reduction Treaty (START) Treaty1991: Strategic Arms reduction Treaty (START) TreatySTART) TreatySTART) Treaty

Berlin Wall 1989

The USSR “Empire”

August 1991 and the Fall of USSR Boris Yeltsin

Why did the USSR collapse? Why did the Cold War end?