REVIEWING ENGLISH LITERATURE TERMS PS ENGLISH 11 - DOYLE TAKE NOTES ON THIS PRESENTATION AND THEN HAVE MS. DOYLE LOOK OVER THEM WHEN YOU’RE FINISHED SO SHE CAN GIVE YOU CREDIT.

LITERARY DEVICES THERE ARE A LOT OF TERMS THAT YOU’VE LEARNED IN THE PAST WHICH YOU MIGHT ENCOUNTER DURING YOUR KEYSTONE. LET’S REVIEW.

TONE & MOOD Tone and mood are part of every story you read. Tone: the attitude of the author – not the characters or the narrator. The author’s attitude towards the story. Mood: how the story makes you, the reader, feel.

THEME & IMAGERY Theme is the general meaning or idea of a work of literature. Sometimes there’s more than one. The story won’t tell you what the theme is, you have to figure out what the theme is based on the message you get from the story. Some of the themes of the Crucible are hysteria, intolerance, jealousy, religion and reputation. IMAGERY is words and phrases used to appeal to any of the reader’s five senses. Words that describe feel, taste, smell, sound and visual appearance. Imagery helps you picture the story in your mind. Onomatopeia – words that are spelled the way they sound (brrrr! Mmm! Thwack. Zip) are parts of imagery.

SIMILE & METAPHOR This is simple & I’m pretty sure you all know this…. Simile is when you make a comparison using like or as. Such as: he ran as fast as the wind and her eyes were blue like the spring-time sky. Metaphor is when you make a comparison NOT using like or as. Such as: he ran with the speed of a cheetah and her sky-blue eyes sparkled.

CHARACTERIZATION Characterization is how the character is described by the author and understood by the reader. There are four types of characters: static, dynamic, round and flat. Static Characters are ones that don’t change and just stay the same. Dynamic Characters change and develop throughout the story. Round Characters are described in depth and the reader has a good understanding of who the character is and what his/her personality is like. Flat Characters are not really described a whole bunch and don’t have a big role in the story. Do you watch That ‘70s Show ever? Fez is a static character, Jackie is a dynamic character, Donna and Eric and the rest of the teens are round characters and Leo, Laurie and the other small characters are flat.

NON-FICTION & FICTION A lot of time’s it’s hard to remember the difference between these two genres (types) of texts… here’s a simple way: Non- Fiction = NOT FAKE, meaning the story is presented as fact, usually as a narrative. Fiction = FAKE, meaning the story is made-up.

MYTHS, ALLEGORIES & FABLES These are all just different types of stories that have special meanings. MYTH – a story that explains natural things in place of a scientific explanation (such as how the world was created, how the stars got ino the sky, etc). Usually involves immortal characters (gods, monsters). Think Greek or Roman mythology. ALLEGORY – a poem, story or picture that has a hidden meaning. Think Animal Farm – the story seems to be about a bunch of animals but really it’s about the government and society. FABLE – a short story that teaches a lesson (a moral) and involves animals as the main characters. Think “The Tortoise and The Hare” which is one of Aesop’s Fables.

EXAGGERATION & HYPERBOLE You probably know what exaggeration is because you and your friends do it all the time. It’s the same as hyperbole: Emphasizing something or stretching the truth, usually to be funny.

THE LAST TWO… ALLITERATION & ASSONANCE Alliteration – when the same sound is repeated at the start of words in the same line of poetry. For example, Orson’s owl out-performed ostriches. Yarvis yanked you at yoga, and Yvonne yelled. Jesse’s jaguar is jumping and jiggling jauntily. Assonance – the same idea, but within the word. When a sound is repeated inside a word throughout a line of poetry. For example, "I lie down by the side fo my bride"/"Fleet feet sweep by sleeping geese"/"Hear the lark and harden to the barking of the dark fox gone to ground" by Pink Floyd

AND NOW, A MINI BRAIN BREAK….

VOCABULARY

VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT The test asks for you to find words with similar meanings or to decide what the best meaning is for a word. When these words are found in a story, you need to use CONTEXT. Context clues are the words surrounding the vocabulary word which help you decide what the meaning might be. This is similar to how our vocabulary charts work.

PREFIXES & SUFFIXES If you see any affixes on the list below that are totally unknown to you, write them down. Other wise, use this just to quiz yourself in review. Macro- Pro-Before In- Pre- Into, not small In favor of Post- after Sub-under Trans- -ousevery -ant -ly Person who across Full of -estmost -s, -esMore than one

AND NOW, A MINI BRAIN BREAK….

APPEALS

WHEN READING ANY SORT OF PERSUASIVE TEXT, THERE ARE APPEALS TO BE CONSIDERED. Emotional – pathos The speaker is trying to get at the audience’s emotions by trying to anger, sadden, excite, etc. Logical and statistical – logos The speaker uses facts and logic to convince the audience of the argument. Speaker’s Validity – ethos The speaker has some qualification that gives them the ability to speak on this topic. For example, if a farmer tried to convince you of why we need to fund space travel, you might listen but not be convinced. If a NASA astronaut tried to convince you, he’d have better validity and ethos because of his experience. The same goes in reverse; a NASA astronaut doesn’t have the experience and knowledge to argue about sustainable farming methods. The farmer, however, is better qualified and has stronger validity and ethos. * On the test the “speaker” is the “writer” and the “audience” is you, the “reader”

SWEEPING GENERALIZATIONS This phrase is used a lot on the test. Generalizations are when you draw an inference about given information. The following slides will ask you to make and/or support generalizations. Don’t click ahead too fast or you’ll get all the answers!

GENERALIZATIONS Read the passage and choose the appropriate generalization. All birds have wings. But not all birds can fly. Birds that do not fly are called flightless birds. The penguin is one example. It uses its wings to swim underwater. Ostriches and emus flap their wings when they want to scare an enemy. Rheas use their wings like rudders when they are running from an enemy. There is even a kind of small parrot that climbs trees and then uses its wings to parachute to the ground. 1. What can you say in general about flightless birds? a.All flightless birds are large. b.Flightless birds have different uses for their wings. c.Flightless birds are fast runners. d.The wings of flightless birds are useless. Answer: b – this is the only statement that can be drawn from the information in the passage. The rest of the statements are untrue.

GENERALIZATIONS Read the passage and choose the appropriate generalization. About 20% of Americans have allergies. Allergies can range from mildly annoying to deadly. An allergy is an overreaction of a person’s immune system to something that is harmless. Many people are allergic to dust, pollen, or mold. Some people are allergic to certain kinds of food, perfume, or medicines. An allergy might cause sneezing, coughing, or a rash. Sometimes, an allergy is so severe, it can lead to death. 2. What generalization can you make about allergies based upon your reading? a.All allergies are deadly. b.Allergies can cause different reactions in different people. c.Everyone has allergies. Answer: b – this is the only statement that can be drawn from the information in the passage. The rest of the statements are untrue.

GENERALIZATIONS Place a check next to each statement which provides an example (not another generalization) to support the generalizations listed below. 3. Generalization: Vans are the best family cars. a.Vans are safer than sedans b.Motor Trend rates the Grand Caravan highest in passenger safety. c.Kids don’t fight as much in a van as they do in sedans. d.We bought a van recently, and my mother says she is happier now because we don’t fight so much. Answer: b. – This is because it is a specific example that supports the generalization that vans are the best family cars. A and C have no fact and are just generalizations, D is an opinion not a fact.

GENERALIZATIONS Place a check next to each statement which provides an example (not another generalization) to support the generalizations listed below. 4. Generalization: Some road signs lead drivers astray. a.The other day I was driving through a construction zone and the stop sign was so far away that I couldn’t see it. I was almost hit by a passing bus. b.Construction area signs are poorly placed and are not changed as the road conditions change. c.At the intersection by my house, the crosswalk sign has confused many pedestrians. d.I never have understood what that big X means above some of the lanes on the toll way. Answer: a. – This is because it is a specific example that supports the generalization that traffic signs lead DRIVERS astray. B is too general, C is about pedestrians not drivers and D is not about traffic signs leading drivers astray but just confused.

AND NOW, A MINI BRAIN BREAK….

SUMMARIZING & MAIN IDEA

Summarizing is when you pull out the most important information of the text. The test will ask you to choose what summary best fits the passage. Look for things that DID NOT happen or WERE NOT said in the passage. Those summaries are WRONG. Main Idea is the who/what + what happened + why/outcome The test will ask you to choose what main idea best fits the passage. Make your own main idea in your head and then look for the answer that most closely matches the main idea you can up with.

AND NOW, A MINI BRAIN BREAK….

CHARTS, MAPS & GRAPHS

The test might give you a question where there is a graph, chart, map or other image attached. The test question will likely ask you “what is the purpose” of the image or “what in the passage is reinforced” by the image. Your job is to: Read the question, then STUDY the chart, map and/or graph, and figure out what’s going on in the image. THEN go through the answers and decide which answer choice fits best.

GENERAL TIPS FOR TEST TAKING

WHEN TAKING THE TEST, REMEMBER…. Phrases like “best fit” “most” “best” mean there are more than one possible right answer, but you need to find the one that’s MOST right. When reading a story, there are numbers by words. Those numbers go to the bottom of the page where there are definitions. USE THESE! Dialect and slang are common when reading conversations in a story. Don’t get scared! Try to really hear the words in your head because it’s easier to understand if you can hear it. Read the questions first and then go back and read the story. You can do this by using the arrows to go forward and backwards. The test will warn you before you leave a section of the test. Make sure you’ve answered all questions before clicking “okay” The program has a highlighter and sticky note tool to help you. The tracker is VERY helpful, especially if you usually use your finger to keep track of your place while you’re reading. Take your time and do your best!!!

NICE JOB! YOU’RE FINISHED. Give your notes to Ms. Doyle to get your points! No, it’s not okay. It’s never okay.