5.2 Detection & Monitoring of Pollution

Sub-subtopics 5.2.1 Describe two direct methods of monitoring pollution. 5.2.2 Define the term biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and explain how this indirect method is used to assess pollution levels in water. 5.2.3 Describe and explain an indirect method of measuring pollution levels using a biotic index.

5.2.1 Methods of Monitoring Where to start? What to do? AIR WATER LAND DIRECT INDIRECT CHANGES Gradients Time periods Transects Retirieved on 01-11-2013 from: http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/images/pictures/health/pollutionhealtheffects.jpg

5.2.1 Monitoring AIR Quality Particulate Matter (PM) Removed by rain Sheets of glue-coated or Vaseline coated paper with grids for standard amount of time. microscope/magnifying lens % coverage # of specimens Number Size Location Sources of error? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9_EWYAl4NA

5.2.1 Monitoring AIR Quality Secondary Data Sources: Czech Republic - ČHMI EU - AirMonTech U.S. - EPA China - AQICN India - CPCB Brazil - MMA Australia - AGDE South Africa - SAAQIS Egypt - EEAA-EIMP Bangladesh - CASE What they measure: sulfur dioxide oxides of nitrogen ozone VOC’s particulate matter (sizes)

5.2.1 Monitoring LAND Quality Soil (edaphic) factors physical properties chemical properties biological properties processes characteristics No one measure is an indicator: texture density infiltration water retention organic matter mineral content (N, P, K) microbial biomass soil respiration Retrieved on 04-11-2013 from: http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/assessment/images/sq_bucket_contents.jpg

5.2.1 Monitoring SOIL Quality Secondary Data Sources: World - HWSD and ISRIC Czech Republic - ČPS EU - JRC’s LUCAS U.S. - NRCS China - MLR India - IISS (for soil types) Russia - VINITI Australia - GRDC and soilquality.org South Africa - ARC-ISCW Bangladesh What they measure: same as last slide degradation/aggradation Retrieved on 01-11-2103 from: http://soilquality.org/images/dynamic_graph.gif

5.2.1 Monitoring WATER Quality Retrieved on 01-11-2013 from: https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQX-sbuPEpO8r1K7BtWNb8FQlMGso6ZOKnlZAgaIGg_yfEmRGo4Lw Direct Sampling Methods (chemical indicators) salinity (probe) pH (probe; universal indicator paper) temperature (probe) Dissolved Oxygen (DO probe) wave action flow velocity (orange) turbidity (secchi disk) Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) nitrates (NO3- probe; test kit) ammonia (NH3 probe; test kit) phosphate (probe; test kit) conductivity (probe)

5.2.1 Monitoring WATER Quality Secondary Data Sources: Czech Republic - ČHMI EU - WISE U.S. - NWQMC China - IPE India - CPCB’s NWMP Russia - VINITI Brazil - ANA Australia - NWQMS South Africa - WMS Egypt - EMWIS-EG Bangladesh- BWDB What they measure: same as last slide hardness potability Retrieved on 01-11-2013 from: http://ks.water.usgs.gov/pubs/reports/wrir.00-4126.cov.ill.jpeg

5.2.2 B.O.D. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) First done in England 1912 measures organic pollution in H2O (aerobic bacteria & fungus) units: mg (O2 consumed)/L usually 5 days incubation at 20 ºC 68% of BOD exerted after this time tests vary 10-20% Indirect method Chemical Oxygen Demand Retrieed on 04-11-2013 from: http://www.bre.umd.edu/agtopics/pict/bodpict.gif

5.2.2 B.O.D. Steps for measuring Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) Sample H2O of measured volume Measure the O2 level (probe) Place sample in a dark, 20 ºC place for 5 days Why in the dark? After 5 days, remeasure O2 BOD5 = (Step 2 - Step 4) / L Retrieved on 04-11-2013 from: http://www.globalw.com/images/products/OxiTop.jpg

5.2.2 B.O.D. (greater per capita water use) The greater the organic matter (nutrient load), the greater the BOD5 number sewage fertilizer runoff detergents others? Municipal sewage (3-stage process): BOD ~20 mg/L Untreated sewage Europe: BOD ~600 mg/L U.S.: BOD ~200 mg/L (greater per capita water use) What is ppm? Retrieved on 04-11-2013 from: http://www.enright.ie/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/bod-levels.jpg

Eastern European Sewers Retrieved on 04-11-2013 from: http://wwws4.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/changes-in-wastewater-treatment-in-countries-of-europe-between-1980s-and-2005-east-3/csi24_fig5_291008.xls/image_large

5.2.2 Nutrients in European Freshwater Retrieved on 04-11-2013 from: http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/freshwater-quality/freshwater-quality-assessment-published-may-2010 The greater the organic matter (nutrient load), the greater the BOD5 number sewage fertilizer runoff detergents others?

5.2.3 Biotic Indicators Another indirect method: Indicator Species tolerant of organic pollution and/or low O2 levels intolerant of organic pollution and/or low O2 levels More dangerous in summer solubility of O2 as temperature warm organic pollutants do the same Tubifex vs. mayfly nymph? Others: fish, underwater plant life, algae (diatoms), bacteria (fecal coli) Retrieved on 04-11-2013 from: http://www.ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/indicator_species.jpeg

5.2.3 Trent Biotic Index Based on disappearances Measures diversity Retrieved on 04-11-2013 from: http://nationalinsectweek.co.uk/sites/default/files/images/pollutdetect.gif Based on disappearances Measures diversity Generally, pollution , diversity abundance may be high, but low richness Maximum value = 10

5.2.3 Trent Biotic Index Retrieved on 04-11-2013 from: http://click4biology.info/c4b/D/G4.htm