TECHNOLOGY GUIDE 3: Emerging Types of Enterprise Computing Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada

EMERGING TYPES OF ENTERPRISE COMPUTING TG3.1 Introduction TG3.2 Server Farms TG3.3 Virtualization TG3.4 Grid Computing TG3.5 Utility Computing TG3.6 Cloud Computing TG3.7 Emerging Software Trends Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe the evolution of IT infrastructure. Describe a server farm. Define virtualization, and discuss its advantages. Define grid computing, and discuss its advantages. Define utility computing, and discuss its advantages. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada

LEARNING OBJECTIVES (CONTINUED) Define cloud computing, and analyze its advantages and disadvantages. Define and discuss Web services and service-oriented architecture. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada TG 3.1 INTRODUCTION Stages in the evolution of IT infrastructure: Standalone mainframe Mainframe and dumb terminals Standalone personal computers Local area networks (client/server computing) Enterprise computing Cloud computing and mobile computing Standalone mainframe: The mainframe typically was housed in a secure area, and only MIS personnel had access to it. Mainframe and dumb terminals: Forced users to go to wherever the mainframe was located. Standalone personal computers: The IBM PC’s debut in 1981 legitimized the entire personal computer market. Local area networks (client/server computing) connect personal computers into local area networks (LANs), and then connected these LANs to the mainframe. Enterprise computing organizations began to use networking standards to integrate different kinds of networks throughout the firm. Cloud computing and mobile computing provides access to a shared pool of computing resources (including computers, storage, applications, and services) over a network, typically the Internet. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada TG 3.2 SERVER FARMS A company that does not have enough computer processing power to meet its needs can simply buy more servers. As a solution, some companies are building massive data centers called server farms, which contain hundreds or thousands of networked computer servers as illustrated in Figure TG 3.1. Source: Media Bakery Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada TG 3.3 VIRTUALIZATION Benefits: generates cost savings in equipment, energy, space in the data center, cooling, personnel, and maintenance. enhances an organization’s agility by enabling it to quickly modify its systems in response to changing demands. focus shifts from the technology itself to the services that the can provide. Virtualization is a system in which servers do not have to be dedicated to particular tasks. Server virtualization uses software-based partitions to create multiple virtual servers—called virtual machines—on a single physical server. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada

CASE: MAXIMUMASP VIRTUALIZES ITS DATA CENTER MaximumASP is a Web-hosting company based in Louisville, Kentucky. Its 35 employees host more than 48,000 domains for customers located in more than 60 countries. They added hundreds of new servers every year, each of which took roughly four hours to deploy. The company decided to implement Microsoft’s server virtualization technology, and the results have been outstanding in utilizing virtualization to expand its product offerings, enhance its business agility, and improve its customer service, while actually lowering its operating costs. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada TG 3.4 GRID COMPUTING Benefits: Enables organizations to utilize computing resources more efficiently. Enables applications to run faster. Provides fault tolerance and redundancy. Makes it easy to “scale up” and “scale down”. Grid computing combines the unused processing resources of many geographically dispersed computers in a network to form a virtual supercomputer. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada TG 3.5 UTILITY COMPUTING Utility computing (also called subscription computing and on-demand computing): a service provider makes computing resources and infrastructure management available to a customer as needed. Benefits: enables companies to efficiently meet fluctuating demands for computing power by lowering the cost of owning hardware infrastructure. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada TG 3.6 CLOUD COMPUTING Cloud computing: tasks are performed by computers that are physically removed from the user. Users access computers in the cloud over a network, in particular the Internet. A public cloud is maintained by an external cloud service provider (such as Amazon Web Services), accessed through the Internet, and available to the general public. A private cloud is a proprietary data center that integrates servers, storage, networks, data, and applications as a set of services that users share inside a company. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada CLOUD COMPUTING Advantages: it dramatically lowers infrastructure costs Example: Molson Coors Brewing Company using Hewlett Packard’s (HP) cloud platform to manage the finance and human resources systems. Disadvantages: privacy, security, and reliability concerns Example: in April 2011, Amazon’s cloud crashed, taking with it about 70 different Web sites questioning the reliability of Amazon Web Services and of the cloud itself. Click on the links in this slide to review HP’s & Amazon’s cloud computing websites. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada CLOUD COMPUTING Different types of cloud computing services: Cloud infrastructure Cloud platform Cloud software Cloud infrastructure as a service: Customers use processing, storage, networking, and other computing resources from cloud service providers to operate their information systems. Cloud platform as a service: Customers use IT infrastructure and programming tools hosted by the cloud service provider to develop their own applications. Cloud software as a service: Customers use software that is hosted by a cloud service provider on the provider’s hardware and delivered to customers over a network. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada

TG 3.7 EMERGING SOFTWARE TRENDS Web services: applications delivered over the Internet that MIS professionals can select and combine through almost any device, from personal computers to mobile phones. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA): IT architecture that makes it possible to construct business applications using Web services. Web services perform a wide variety of tasks, from automating business processes, to integrating components of an enterprise wide system, to streamlining online buying and selling. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada WEB SERVICES Benefits: utilizes the existing Internet infrastructure without having to implement any new technologies. personnel can access remote or local data without having to understand the complexities of this process. new applications can be created quickly and easily Web services perform a wide variety of tasks, from automating business processes, to integrating components of an enterprise wide system, to streamlining online buying and selling Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada

WEB SERVICES (CONTINUED) Four key protocols: XML Extensible markup language SOAP Simple object access protocol WSDL Web services description language UDDI Universal description, discovery, and integration XML makes it easier to exchange data among a variety of applications and to validate and interpret these data. SOAP is a set of rules that define how messages can be exchanged among different network systems and applications through the use of XML. WSDL is used to create the XML document that describes the tasks performed by the various Web services. UDDI allows MIS professionals to search for needed Web services by creating public or private searchable directories of these services. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada

TECHNOLOGY GUIDE CLOSING The IT infrastructure in organizations has evolved in the following stages: standalone mainframe, mainframe and dumb terminals, standalone personal computers, local area networks (client/server computing), eenterprise computing, cloud computing and mobile computing. Server farms are massive data centers, which may contain hundreds or thousands of networked computer servers. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada

TECHNOLOGY GUIDE CLOSING (CONTINUED) Server virtualization is a technology that typically is used in server farms that divides physical servers into several software-based partitions. Grid computing combines the unused processing resources of many geographically dispersed computers in a network to form a virtual supercomputers providing many benefits to organizations Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada

TECHNOLOGY GUIDE CLOSING (CONTINUED) In utility computing, a service provider makes computing resources and infrastructure management available to a customer as needed. With cloud computing, tasks are performed by computers physically removed from the user and accessed over a network, in particular the Internet. Two emerging technologies are Web services and service-oriented architecture. Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada

Copyright John Wiley & Sons Canada