The Nile Valley Chapter 2, Section 1 World History Mrs. Thompson Ancient Egypt The Nile Valley Chapter 2, Section 1 World History Mrs. Thompson

What is Egypt famous for? Pharoahs, mummies, pyramids and tombs Deserts and sand River Nile

http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/ms_wh_survey/resources/html/animations/wh04_ancientegypt.html l http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/ms_wh_survey/resources/html/animations/wh04_ancientegypt.html Egypt is in the continent of Africa. The River Nile runs through Egypt The capital of Egypt is Cairo

A View of Egypt by Satellite

Main Idea The Egyptian civilization began in the fertile Nile River Valley, where natural barriers stopped invaders

They called they land “The Gift of the Nile” A Mighty River Between 6000 B.C. and 5000 B.C., groups of hunter-gatherers moved into the fertile Nile River Valley and settled to become the earliest Egyptians . They called they land “The Gift of the Nile” Egypt was warm and sunny but received little rainfall.

The Fertile Nile Valley

The Annual Flooding of the Nile

Egyptians relied on the Nile. They called it their “precious gift” It provided food such as fish and supported plants And animal life Source of water for drinking, bathing, farming, cooking, and cleaning The Nile is the world’s longest river!

The Nile River These two Rivers join to form the Nile River just south The Nile is about 4,000 Miles long and flows north to the Mediterranean Sea These two Rivers join to form the Nile River just south of Egypt The Nile begins as 2 rivers The Nile River Blue Nile East Africa mountains White Nile Central Africa marshes

A great length of the river flows over narrow cliffs and boulders to form wild rapids called cataracts Before it reaches the Mediterranean Sea, The Nile branches into tributaries that fan out Over an area of fertile soil called the delta.

To the west To the east is the is the Eastern Desert Sahara Desert, On a map, the Nile resembles the stem of a flower and the delta looks like a flower blossom. To the east is the Eastern Desert which stretches to the Red Sea To the west is the Sahara Desert, the largest desert in the world.

Ancient Egyptians called the desert “the Red Land” Deserts formed a barrier which kept outside armies away from Egypt.

Deserts to the east and west Delta marshes in north which offered no harbors for invaders approaching from the sea. Geographic features which protected Egypt Dangerous cataracts in south which blocked enemy boats from reaching Egypt

friendly contacts with the various groups settled along the Unlike Mesopotamians Egyptians maintained friendly contacts with the various groups settled along the Nile River Valley. Unlike Mesopotamian geography, the protective barriers kept them safe and allowed Egyptian civilization to grow and prosper.

Despite their isolation, the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea offered the Egyptians an outlet for trading with people outside Egypt.

People used the Nile for trade and transportation Winds from the north pushed their sailboats south. The flow of the river pushed their sailboats north.

The Egyptians depended on the Nile’s floods to grow their crops Main Idea The Egyptians depended on the Nile’s floods to grow their crops

Flooding of the Nile River Dependability More dependable AND gentle than the Tigris and Euphrates (Egyptians were better farmers) Source of Flooding Heavy rains from central Africa Melting snows from the highlands of east Africa Flooding Season July to October

When the waters of the Nile recede, a layer of dark, fertile mud is deposited on the land Egyptians called land “Kemet” or “Black Land”

How did the Egyptians use the Nile? Egyptians took advantage of Nile’s flooding to be successful farmers. Egyptian farmers planted grain: wheat, barley, and flax seeds. Their wide use of irrigation made Egyptian farmers successful.

Digging basins and bowl-shaped holes to hold water. Egyptian Digging canals to carry water from the basins to fields beyond the river’s reach Egyptian irrigation Building levees to form walls around basins

Shadoof Geometry Papyrus Farming Advancements A bucket attached to a long pole to lift water into the basins Shadoof Geometry To survey or measure the land to establish boundaries Farming Advancements Papyrus A reed plant that grew along the Nile to make baskets, sandals, river rafts, and paper.

Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

Papyrus  Paper Hieratic Scroll Piece Papyrus Plant

What was Hieroglyphic? Written on: Made up of: Symbols stood for: 1. 2. 3. Carved into: Who learned to read and write: What was their job? What gave historians the ability to read hieroglyphic?

Steps to making paper from Papyrus: 1. Cut stalks of the plant into narrow strips. 2. Soak the strips and pound them flat. 3. Air dry the strips to stiffen them. 4. Join the strips together to form a roll.

What were Heiroglyphics? Like Mesopotamians, Egyptians a developed writing system Egyptian writing was called hieroglyphics Egyptians used papyrus rolls as writing paper It was made up of thousands of picture symbols.

24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols Some symbols stood for objects or ideas and some symbols stood for sounds. Scribes carved hieroglyphics into stone walls and monuments.

Few Egyptians learned to read and write. Some Egyptian men went to special schools to become scribes. Scribes kept records and worked for the rulers, priests, and traders.

Hieroglyphic “Cartouche”

Champollion & the Rosetta Stone

Egyptian Math 1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 What number is this?

Main Idea A United Egypt: Around 3100 B.C., Egypt’s two major kingdoms, Upper and Lower Egypt were combined into one.

Storing and rationing grain Settling Disputes over Land ownership What created the need for government? Advances in farming, crafts, and trade created need for government Storing and rationing grain Building and maintaining Irrigation system Government directed activities Settling Disputes over Land ownership

Upper Egypt At the Mouth of The Nile in the south By 4000 B.C., Egypt was made up of two large kingdoms: Lower Egypt in the Nile Delta to the north Upper Egypt At the Mouth of The Nile in the south

Egypt's Ruling Families About 3100 B.C., the 2 kingdoms became one Narmer of Upper Egypt, known as King Menes, led his armies to take control of Lower Egypt and created a unified Egypt. He ruled from Memphis and wore a double crown of red and white to symbolize unity of Upper and Lower Egypt.

Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt

Egypt's Ruling Families Narmer’s family inherited power to rule and passed it down from father to son through a line of rulers to form a dynasty Ancient Egypt was ruled by 31 different dynasties Historians group Egypt’s dynasties into 3 main periods: Old, middle, and new kingdoms

Main Idea Early Egyptian Life: Egyptian society was divided into social groups based on wealth and power

Egyptian society was highly structured and divided into different social classes, each with certain responsibilities and lifestyles. httwww.classzone.com/cz/books/ms_wh_survey/resources/html/animations/wh04_egyptsocial.htmlp://

Nobles, priests, government officials Upper Class Who Nobles, priests, government officials Location Cities and large estates along the Nile Housing Elegant homes, beautiful gardens, and pools filled with fish Work Little physical work – had servants Ruled and conducted religious ceremonies, Clothing White linen clothes, eye makeup, jewelry

Egyptian Nobility

An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves” Mirror Perfume Whigs

Egyptian Priestly Class

Smaller villages along Nile Homes smaller than upper class nobles Middle Class Who Traders, artisans, shopkeepers, scribes, and farmers (largest group) Location Smaller villages along Nile Housing Homes smaller than upper class nobles Work Important group were artisans who produced linen cloth, jewelry, pottery, and metal goods. Grew the food. Clothing Dressed in simple clothes

Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Homes Peasant Homes

Egyptian Scribe

Small mud-brick homes with dirt floors Lower Class Who Unskilled workers Location Crowded city neighborhoods Housing Small mud-brick homes with dirt floors Men Women Men did physical labor like loading cargo on boats, making and stacking mud bricks Women dried fruit, made bread, and wove cloth Worked and slept on their rooftops Clothing Very simple clothes

Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life

Father headed the family Own and pass on property Egyptian women had more rights than females in most other early civilizations Buy and sell goods Life Family Make wills and get divorces Upper-class women were in charge of temples and could perform religious ceremonies

Life Family Few children went to school mothers taught Fathers taught daughters to sew, cook, and run a house Fathers taught sons farming or skilled trades Life Family Children played with Board games, dolls, Spinning tops, And leather balls