(Global) Rule of Law = expectations of expectations. We believe that what is said also will take place, to put it in a popular way

Supra state levelConvention International State levelLawNational Sub-state levelNormsIntermediary Societal levelIndividualsLocal level

Supra state levelConvention A A A State levelLaw B Sub-state levelNormsC Societal levelIndividual A B A C A D

Relations Society and Law, 2.0 Law Norms Society

Will Knowledge Possibilities Value System conditions Cognition Norm Hydén-Wickeberg 2000

Knowledge Socio-cultural Political-administrative Economical automatic influence SOCIETY PHYSICAL Possibilities Motive - Value - Driving forces System conditions Cognition Gender Education Conscience Morals Ethics Religion, Politics, Economy, etc Experiences, Competence, Tradition Ethnicity non-automatic influence BIOTIC NATURE Norm Will Power, Interests, etc Technical Personal qualities: age, etc

Corruption is very common, and will do more damage than previously thought. This is what a group of researchers at the University of Gothenburg, who have for eight years studied corruption in 178 countries, claim in a study which is presented today.

About 70 percent of the world's population lives in communities with corruption, and it has also been historically. It leads to poverty and poor health, partly due to lack of clean water and medical care. This is a fundamental threat to Global Rule of Law.

The researchers do not point to any universal method against corruption, but point out that countries with low corruption are similar to one other, characterized by a highly educated population and a proper recruitment for public services.

High taxes also provide a low tolerance for corruption. Then social norms have a chance to grow and support the legal regulation, because people feel it´s about their own money.

Nordic countries are among the least corrupt, while Nigeria, Somalia and Bangladesh are at the bottom of the scale. In Europe, Greece, Romania and Italy are in trouble. People in countries with high level of corruption have not another moral opinion about corruption compared to others. The system governs and gives you no alternative.

“It´s hard to be the only honest cop in a Mexican police force,” the researchers use as one of many examples. From the individuals´ point of view, it´s too costly to break the pattern as long as they believe that all others will continue with corruption. A variation of the famous Prisoner´s dilemma.

Paradoxically, it is in the most corrupt countries we find the strongest anti- corruption legislation. Anti-corruption legislation may even be counterproductive.