Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY Civil Air Patrol Seven Skills of Crew Resource Management

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY We Don’t Crash By Compartments This CAP instructor pilot was giving two other CAP pilots mountain flying training. Restrictions associated with flying course reversal maneuvers close to terrain were briefed during the ground training session earlier that day. However, during the flight, eye witnesses observed the airplane doing several course reversal maneuvers in a draw at a very low altitude above the trees. They failed to follow procedures. Three CAP members dead.

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY What is CRM? “THE EFFECTIVE USE OF ALL AVAILABLE RESOURCES”

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY Crew...Crew...  Pilot-in- Command  Observer / Flight Instructor  Scanner  Weather Briefer  Ramp Personnel  AOBD  Check Airman/ Pilot Examiner  Non-pilot  Air Traffic Control  Flight Service/Watch

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY Resources...Resources...  Time  Information  Workload  Prioritization  Strategies/Plans  Scheduling

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY Management...Management...  Situation Assessment  Risk Assessment  Planning/Strategizing  Prioritizing Tasks  Allocating Responsibilities  Problem Solving

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY PRIMARY CAUSAL FACTORS OF AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY PROBABLE CAUSE IN 80% OF ALL ACCIDENTS (NTSB) 47% 19% 21% 5% 6% 4%

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY Practical Test Standards (PTS) Requirements “CRM is not a single TASK. CRM is a set of skill competencies which must be evident in all TASKS in this PTS as applied to the single pilot or the multicrew operation. CRM competencies, grouped into three clusters of observable behaviors are....”

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY Enhanced Crewmember Performance

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY Seven Skills of CRM Mission / Flight Analysis Assertiveness Decision Making Communication Leadership Adaptability and Flexibility Situational Awareness

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY What is Mission / Flight Analysis? Phases of Mission / Flight Analysis Preflight In-flight Post flight Preflight Analysis Planning Preparation Briefing Mission / Flight Analysis

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY Briefing continued Characteristics of an Effective Brief Professional Stay Focused Assigns Responsibilities Interactive Complete Mission / Flight Analysis

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY In-Flight Mission Analysis Short-term Planning Monitoring Mission Progress Identifying and Reporting Challenges or Changes Post Mission Analysis Selective Review Interactive Timely Mission / Flight Analysis

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY What is Assertiveness? Comfort Level Behavior Continuum Barriers to Assertiveness Position of Authority Experience Rank Lack of Confidence Fear of Reprisal AssertivenessAssertiveness Do you think the CAP student pilot was comfortable with the instructor pilots decision to take off from the taxiway? The student was seriously injured – but lived. The instructor pilot died.

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY Definition of Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) “ ADM is a systematic approach to the mental process used by all involved in aviation to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances.”

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY What is Decision Making? Assessing the Problem Verifying Information Identifying Solutions Anticipating Consequences of Decisions Informing Others of Decision and Rationale Evaluation Decisions Decision Making

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY What is Communication? Types of Communication Verbal (Involves words) Non-Verbal (Everything but words) Process of Communication Sender’s Responsibility Communicate in the Appropriate Mode Verbal versus Non-Verbal Convey Information Accurately and Concisely Provide Information at the Appropriate Time Request Verification or Feedback CommunicationCommunication You don’t need audio to hear what our pilot is saying.

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY Receivers Responsibility Actively Listen Active versus Passive Role Take Action as a Result of Communication Answer or Respond to Communication Ask for Clarification of Unclear Communication CommunicationCommunication The PIC in the right seat allowed the pilot-qualified scanner in the left seat to fly the search. The pilot thought he saw something and wanted another look. The PIC told him to turn right (away from terrain). The pilot flying turned left and crashed. Two dead and one seriously burned.

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY Barriers to Communication Noise Rank or Experience Task Overload Gender Attitude Culture Not Actively Listening Active versus Passive Role No Action as a Result of Communication No Answer or Response to Communication Not Asking for Clarification of Unclear Communication CommunicationCommunication What Barriers to communication could have contributed to this accident?

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY What is Leadership Types of Leadership Designated Leadership Responsible Makes Final Decision Normal Mode of Leadership Pilot-in-Command Functional Leadership Leadership by Knowledge or Expertise Occurs When the Need Arises LeadershipLeadership

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY Responsibilities of Leadership Crew Performance Direct Actions Manage Workload Ask for AssistanceLeadershipLeadership The check pilot allowed the examinee to touch down half way down the runway with excessive airspeed. They attempted a go around after it was apparent they could not stop the airplane short of the trees at the end of the runway. The go around didn't work out. Both survived by the grace of God. Note tree in the cockpit. A few feet back and it would have been a riveting experience.

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY Traits of an Effective Leader Decisive Delegates Tasks Provides Feedback Leads by Example Keeps Crew Informed Open to Suggestions Respected Builds Team Spirit Directs and Coordinates Activities Maintains a Professional Atmosphere Knowledgeable of how to do the Mission LeadershipLeadership

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY What is Adaptability and Flexibility? Situations That Require Quick Action When Un-briefed Situations Arise When a Routine Mission Becomes an Emergency When Transitions Occur When a Crew Member is Incapacitated When Interactions Are Strained Adaptability & Flexibility

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY Maintaining Adaptability and Flexibility Anticipate Problems Recognize and Acknowledge any Changes Offer Alternative Solutions Provide and Ask for Assistance – Fight for Feedback Interact Constructively with Others Adaptability & Flexibility This cadet orientation pilot allowed the air traffic situation to rush his take off and climb. He stalled and spun on his turn to crosswind leg. 1 senior member & 2 cadets dead.

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY Setting the Tone for Adaptability and Flexibility Establish an Open, Professional Atmosphere Be Inclusive Ensure the Crew Understands the Mission Adaptability & Flexibility

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY Situational Awareness “THE ACCURATE PERCEPTION OR KNOWLEDGE A PILOT MAINTAINS TO THEIR OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN ORDER TO ANTICIPATE CONTINGENCIES AND TAKE THE NECESSARY ACTIONS.”

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY What is Situational Awareness? Perception Versus Reality View of the Situation Incoming Information Accuracy & Sufficiency of Information Expectations and Biases Situational Awareness

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY Factors That Reduce Situational Awareness Insufficient Communication Fatigue / Stress Task Overload Task Under Load Press On Regardless Philosophy Situational Awareness This CAP pilot was turned down by several flight release officers for a return flight from a SAR/EX because the mountain wave turbulence had been reported by several pilots to be bad. He finally found a flight release officer to release him and his non- pilot passenger. His airplane never made it over the ridge. Two dead.

Performing Missions For America U.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY