SWINE HEALTH Dr. Randy Harp

Herd Health Problems Biosecurity External biosecurity Internal biosecurity

Development of a Biosecurity Plan Attitude “State of Mind” Unforgiving attitude required because disease is unforgiving

Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont. Establish Herd Health Goals Healthy, productive system that can be maintained Type of production system Facility location Health status of start-up herd Cost

Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont. External Biosecurity Keeping out new diseases Isolation/acclimatization (incoming stock) Separate facility > 200 yards from herd 45 – 60 days First 30 days (isolation) Animals observed and blood tested PRRS, PRV, brucellosis, TGE Parvo, Swine Influenza Last 30 days (acclimatization) Vaccinate for Lepto, Erysiplas, Parvo

Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont. External Biosecurity Keeping out new diseases Isolation/acclimatization (incoming stock) cont. Animals exposed to cull sows Allow opportunity to build immunity Donor herd health should be compared closely to that of the recipient herd Administer vaccine as indicated by recipient herd Limit use of antibiotics

Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont. External Biosecurity Keeping out new diseases Semen Know isolation/acclimatization of boar stud Adequate disease monitoring program for boar stud Procedures for boar stud should be as strict as those for production units

Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont. External Biosecurity Restrict access to visitors & create barriers Perimeter fence Padlock all outside doors Use signs Require “clean out” time for visitors Shower in / shower out Provide clothing and boots Sanitize all incoming equipment Feed trucks limited

Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont. External Biosecurity Develop and enforce strict chute rules Trucks with manure should be excused Load outs designed to prevent entry Establish sacred zones (off limit to trucks) Guillotine gate Boots should be provided for drivers Clean, disinfect, and dry the landout

Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont. External Biosecurity Keep out other species of animals and insects Rodents, birds, dogs, cats, flies All can transmit diseases Rats and flies can travel two miles

Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont. External Biosecurity Locate new production units away from other pigs Distance between swine production units Pig density Probability of other pigs coming to area Pathogen Minimum distance to prevent transmission Mycoplasma pneumonia 2 miles TGE .5 miles Atrophic rhinitis Strep suis Pseudorabies 5 miles PRRS ???

Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont. Internal Biosecurity Adopt optimum production system design All-in / all-out Multiple-site production SEW (segregated early weaning)

Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont. Internal Biosecurity Install barriers Perimeter fence Bird wire Tree line Dead animal disposal

Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont. Internal Biosecurity Sanitization Decontaminate rooms between groups Use high pressure spray, rinse all surfaces, disinfect, dry, leave vacant

Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont. Vaccination Program Leptospirosis, parvovirus, erysiplas 2x/year TGE, PRRS, Atrophic rhinitis, strep suis & ?? Design with veterinarian

Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont. Internal and External Parasite Control All incoming breeding stock should be treated Use fecal and skin monitoring

Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont. Slaughter Checks Quarterly checks Liver and lung lesions Nasal turbinates Only portion of herd need to be tested > 140 animals need 11 animals > 1,000 animals need 29 animals

Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont. Monitoring Quarterly sampling for PRV and brucellosis for seedstock herds Serological testing for other diseased known to be in area Feed testing for mycotoxins

Development of a Biosecurity Plan cont. Feed additives Growth promotant antibiotics

Alternative Disease Control Procedures

Alternative Disease Control Procedures Closed herd Specific pathogen free (SPF) Non SPF Isolation of incoming breeding stock

Alternative Disease Control Procedures Systems management Multiple site production system All-in / all-out Segregated early weaning (SEW) No control

Specific Pathogen Free (SPF)

Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) SPF is an attempt to Control diseases Improve management

Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Initially set up to control Atrophic rhinitis Mycoplasma hyoneumonia

Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) cont. Now designed to eliminate & prevent certain chronic growth retarding diseases Mange Lice Swine dysentery Atrophic rhinitis Mycoplasma pneumonia Pseudorabies Brucellosis

SPF scheme Sow – 112 to 114 days (C-section) Take pigs from sow, put in sterile environment Rear in isolation Restock other farms SPF pigs no immunological control, introduce to other pigs

SPF classification Primary SPF Secondary SPF pigs from C-section Pigs from primary SPF or Pigs from other SPF farms

Accreditation Requirements Proof of origin Brucellosis validation Pseudorabies validation Herd inspection from veterinarian Free of: lice / mange Swine dysentery

Accreditation Requirements cont. Quarterly health and disease reports Submit quarterly litter registration Quarterly slaughter checks (10 head) Atrophic rhinitis Mycoplasma hyopneumonia

Scour Diseases

TGE (Transmissible gastroenteritis) Cause - corona virus Symptoms - major cause of death in young pigs Baby pigs Sudden vomiting Watery, yellowish diarrhea Odor 90% death loss < 14 days old

TGE (Transmissible gastroenteritis) cont. Symptoms cont. Older pigs Appetite loss Diarrhea (mild) Control / Prevention Vaccine Good sanitation Bird and rodent control Management

E. Coli (colibacillosis) Cause – bacteria Symptoms Pale, yellow, watery diarrhea Dehydration Edema- produced by toxin of E. Coli Swollen eyelids, stomach Nervous signs Staggering, head tilting, paddling, stumbling, dog sitting

E. Coli cont. Control / Prevention Sanitation Management vaccination

Swine Dysentery Cause – bacteria (sepulina hyodysenteriae) Symptoms Stool contains blood and mucus Dehydration Poor gain and efficiency Some cases, death

Swine Dysentery cont. Control / Prevention Management Sanitation Antibiotics Vaccine Control mice which harbor bacteria for 1 year

Rotavirus Cause – virus Symptoms – nursing pigs (about 3 weeks old) White, pasty scours Generally do not lose much weight Control / Prevention Management Sanitation Vaccine (antibiotics not effective)

Coccidiosis Cause – protozoa shed in feces Symptoms – nursing pigs (7 - 10 days old) Diarrhea – yellow, light green / gray Dehydration Control / Prevention Manure removal (it is shed in feces) Management (wash sows before entering farrowing house) sanitation

Salmonella Cause – bacteria Symptoms Acute septicemia (generalized infection of blood and organs) Diarrhea Anorexia Fever, cough Ears, nose, tail, feet,& abdomen become light purple Nervous disorders Posterior weakness, paddling, restlessness

Salmonella cont. Control / Prevention Antibacterials for treatment Removal of affected pigs Management Sanitation Vaccine Carrier pigs are indistinguishable from other pigs

Reproductive Diseases

Brucellosis Cause – brucella suis, bacteria Clinical Signs Fever – 5-7 days Abortion – any time during gestation Weak pigs at birth Genital tract infections & sterility

Brucellosis cont. Diagnosis Prevention Blood agglutination test Herd testing Initial test Retain validation Retest all breeding stock annually Test 20% of sows annually – cull sows

Brucellosis cont. Prevention cont. Under SPF, must be brucellosis free Introduce only negative animals into herd Vaccination is unsuccessful Under SPF, must be brucellosis free

Leptospirosis Cause Symptoms Numerous organisms – bacteria Transferable across species Symptoms Fever, diarrhea Abortions – late gestation Immature pigs

Leptospirosis cont. Prevention SPF requires vaccination Vaccination once every 6 months is effective Use 5 way vaccine at weaning Blood test in not effective SPF requires vaccination

Parvovirus Cause – virus Symptoms Embryonic & fetal deaths Mummified feti Small litters Infrequent abortion Delayed return to estrus Anestrus

Parvovirus cont. Prevention / Control Vaccination

Pseudorabies (Aujesky’s disease) Cause – herpes virus Symptoms Young pigs 90% death loss in 3 -4 week olds 40% death loss in 12 week olds Older pigs > 50 lbs. Low death rates Respiratory distress

Pseudorabies (Aujesky’s disease) cont. Symptoms cont. Sows Abortion – early gestation Retention of fetus – late gestation Death of entire litter in 1 – 2 days General signs Fever Convulsions & trembling Ear infection Off feed Diarrhea

Pseudorabies (Aujesky’s disease) cont. Diagnosis Blood test Vaccination Modified live virus Produces positive blood test

Pseudorabies (Aujesky’s disease) cont. Control rules Must have permit before entry Must have passed blood test in last 30 days or be from PRV free herd Eradication Effort underway to eradicate PRV from the US

Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Cause – virus Prevalence – 80 – 90% of swine in OK test positive (LUCE) Transmission – animal to animal

Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) cont. Clinical signs Breeding females Fever – increased stillborns Depression – weak, liveborn pigs Abortions – preweaning mortality

Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) cont. Nursery pigs Rapid, labored breathing Poor performance Finishing pigs Fever Depression Off feed

Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) cont. Control Vaccination Depopulation / repopulation Multiple site production

Erysipelas Cause – bacteria Symptoms Control / Prevention Fever Abortion Diamond shaped lesions on skin Control / Prevention Penicillin Vaccination

Streptococcus Suis Cause – bacteria Symptoms Weaned pigs Meningitis Anorexia Reddening of skin Nervous disorders – loss of balance, paddling, shaking, convulsions Blindness & deafness If serious, can lead to “greasy pig”

Streptococcus Suis cont. Symptoms cont. Breeding herd Decreased conception rates Decreased farrowing rate Vaginal discharge Pneumonia Treatment / Control Penicillin Management – reduce stress, ventilation, humidity Vaccine

Respiratory Diseases

Mycoplasma Hyopneumonia Cause – mycoplasma hyopneumonia bacteria Infectious respiratory disease of swine Prevalence – 80 – 90% of US swine herds Transmission – animal to animal contact

Mycoplasma Hyopneumonia cont. Clinical signs Sneezing Dry cough Listlessness Poor growth performance Economic Losses Death loss Reduced feed efficiency 10 – 30% gain

Mycoplasma Hyopneumonia cont. Treatment – antibiotics – Lincomycin Control – depopulation Can live with it with good management, i.e. no stress, good nutrition

Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia Cause – bacteria Transmission – pig to pig contact Clinical signs Sudden death 20 – 40% High fever Loss of appetite (anorexia) Lesions on lungs of growing swine

Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia cont. Control Vaccine Good herd health Antibiotics Management (all-in / all-out, age segregation)

Atrophic Rhinitis Cause Transmission Bordetella bacteria Pasturella bacteria Transmission Pig to pig contact

Atrophic Rhinitis cont. Clinical signs Affects nasal turbinate bone development Early sign in baby pigs Sneezing Distortion of nose Pneumonia Black areas around eyes

Atrophic Rhinitis cont. Control Vaccination Depopulation – only way to completely get rid of antibiotics

Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) Cause – both viral & bacterial pathogens Primary bacterial pathogens Mycoplasma hyopneumonia Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia Secondary bacterial pathogens Pasturella multocida Strep suis Salmonella Usually a combination of PRRS, swine flu, PRV, & PRCV

Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) cont. Symptoms Acute depression Anorexia Fever Nasal discharge Coughing, labored breathing Increased mortality Reduced F/G Increased days to market

Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC) cont. Prevention / Control Management (AI – AO, SEW, multi-site) Strict biosecurity Vaccination for 1° and 2° pathogens

Anthelmintics Ivomec Dectomax Atguard Pyrantel Tartrate Fenbendazole (Safeguard/Panacur) Piperazine Levisole Banmith