Minerals and Rocks What is a mineral? What is a mineral? –naturally occurring, inorganic, solid element or compound with a definite chemical composition and a regular internal crystal structure What is rock? What is rock? –solid, cohesive, aggregate of one or more minerals –Each rock type has a characteristic mixture of minerals What is an Ore? What is an Ore? –Rock with large concentration of a particular maineral to make it profitable –High and low grade ores »NON- Metalic Mineral Sand, gravel, limestone Sand, gravel, limestone »Metalic Aluminum, Steel, manganese, cobalt, chromium, Copper, Gold Aluminum, Steel, manganese, cobalt, chromium, Copper, Gold

Types of Mining : Surface Mining: Scoop ore off surface or earth. cheap. safe for miners. large environmental destruction. Underground Mining: Use of shafts to reach deeply buried ores. expensive. hazardous for miners. less environmental damage. Mining: Extract Ore from Ground

Strip Mining strip-mining: scoop off rock overburden, and then scoop off ore material. Economics of strip mining depend on stripping ratio Large land area can be involved, especially for coal and bauxite. Results of Mining Results of Mining utube

Surface Mining open pit mining: circular hole in ground, with ramp circling down along sides, allows deeper ore to be reached. Video of Pit mining for gold

Mountain Top Removal Removing Overburden

Gold in Quartz A large quartz boulder with a lot of visible gold. Usually, the gold is much finer and hard to see.

Placer Deposition Panning for gold in a placer deposit

Aeolian Placers The "diamond crawl" in a deflation basin, Diamond Area No 1, Namibia Diamond concentrations were increased by wind erosion

Cassiterite tin oxide ore mineral, SnO2. It is generally opaque but is translucent in thin crystals. Its luster and multiple crystal faces produce a desirable gem. Cassiterite has been the chief tin ore throughout ancient history and remains the most important source of tin today tin oxide ore mineral, SnO2. It is generally opaque but is translucent in thin crystals. Its luster and multiple crystal faces produce a desirable gem. Cassiterite has been the chief tin ore throughout ancient history and remains the most important source of tin today TinSoldiers

Acid Mine Drainage

Non- renewable Mineral Resource Depletion Curves Source: Miller, G. Tyler, Living In The Environment. (2000) Wadsworth Publishing. New York.

Environmental Impact of Environmental Impact of Mining Environmental Impact of

Energy Chapters Living in the Environment, 16 th Edition, Miller Advanced Placement Environmental Science La Canada High School Dr. E A. Friedland and With a few links and additions by Ms. Wilkins

New Yorker Magazine

1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy

Energy Sources Modern society requires large quantities of energy that are generated from the earth’s natural resources. Modern society requires large quantities of energy that are generated from the earth’s natural resources. Primary Energy Resources: The fossil fuels(oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar energy. Primary Energy Resources: The fossil fuels(oil, gas, and coal), nuclear energy, falling water, geothermal, and solar energy. Secondary Energy Resources: Those sources which are derived from primary resources such as electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol fuels. Secondary Energy Resources: Those sources which are derived from primary resources such as electricity, fuels from coal, (synthetic natural gas and synthetic gasoline), as well as alcohol fuels.

Changes in U.S. Energy Use

Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium

E.I. = Population X Resource Used/Person X Impact of Resource

Friedland/Relyea 2011 Today 6.8B

"We are surrounded with people who think that what we have been doing for one fortieth of the [last] second can go on indefinitely. They are considered normal, but they are stark raving mad.” David Brower as quoted by John McPhee in Encounters With The Archdruid.

Abandoned (1910) Post-agricultural (1930) Diorama from Harvard Forest

Vermont & New Hampshire are 80%-90% forested today

Nonrenewable Energy Chapters 15 Living in the Environment, 15 th Edition, Miller Advanced Placement Environmental Science La Canada High School Dr. E With a few links and additions by Ms. Wilkins

Problems with Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources –At projected consumption rates, natural gas and petroleum will be depleted before the end of the 21st century Impurities in fossil fuels are a major source of pollution Impurities in fossil fuels are a major source of pollution Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO 2, which contributes to global warming Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO 2, which contributes to global warming

1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy

Oil Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within the earth's crust and can be extracted by drilling a well Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within the earth's crust and can be extracted by drilling a well Fossil fuel, produced by the decomposition of deeply buried organic matter from plants & animals Fossil fuel, produced by the decomposition of deeply buried organic matter from plants & animals Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities How Oil Drilling Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D. How Oil Drilling Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D. How Oil Drilling Works How Oil Drilling Works

Sources of Oil Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) countries have 67% world reserves: Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, & Venezuela Other important producers: Alaska, Siberia, & Mexico.

Oil in U.S. 2.3% of world reserves uses nearly 30% of world reserves; 65% for transportation; increasing dependence on imports.

Low oil prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged / prevented improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies favoring renewable resources. 1/Chapter14&1 5.ppt

Burning any fossil fuel releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and thus promotes global warming. Comparison of CO 2 emitted by fossil fuels and nuclear power.

Oil Crude oil is transported to a refinery where distillation produces petrochemicals Crude oil is transported to a refinery where distillation produces petrochemicals –How Oil Refining Works How Oil Refining WorksHow Oil Refining Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D.

1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy

Natural Gas - Fossil Fuel Mixture 50–90% Methane (CH 4 ) Ethane (C 2 H 6 ) Propane (C 3 H 8 ) Butane (C 4 H 10 ) Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S)

Sources of Natural Gas Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply. Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%); 90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (~411,000 km = 255,000 miles of pipeline).

billion cubic metres

Natural Gas Experts predict increased use of natural gas during this century Experts predict increased use of natural gas during this century

Natural Gas When a natural gas field is tapped, propane and butane are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) When a natural gas field is tapped, propane and butane are liquefied and removed as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) The rest of the gas (mostly methane) is dried, cleaned, and pumped into pressurized pipelines for distribution The rest of the gas (mostly methane) is dried, cleaned, and pumped into pressurized pipelines for distribution Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships

1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy

Coal: Supply and Demand Coal exists in many forms therefore a chemical formula cannot be written for it. Coal exists in many forms therefore a chemical formula cannot be written for it. Coalification: After plants died they underwent chemical decay to form a product known as peat Coalification: After plants died they underwent chemical decay to form a product known as peat –Over many years, thick peat layers formed. –Peat is converted to coal by geological events such as land subsidence which subject the peat to great pressures and temperatures.

garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

Ranks of Coal Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low quality (i.e., low heat content per unit) with high inherent moisture and volatile matter. Energy content is lower 4000 BTU/lb. Lignite: A brownish-black coal of low quality (i.e., low heat content per unit) with high inherent moisture and volatile matter. Energy content is lower 4000 BTU/lb. Subbituminous: Black lignite, is dull black and generally contains 20 to 30 percent moisture Energy content is 8,300 BTU/lb. Subbituminous: Black lignite, is dull black and generally contains 20 to 30 percent moisture Energy content is 8,300 BTU/lb. Bituminous: most common coal is dense and black (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material). Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. Energy content about 10,500 Btu / lb. Bituminous: most common coal is dense and black (often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material). Its moisture content usually is less than 20 percent. Energy content about 10,500 Btu / lb. Anthracite :A hard, black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Energy content of about 14,000 Btu/lb. Anthracite :A hard, black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter. Energy content of about 14,000 Btu/lb. Powerpoint%5CCoal.ppt

PEATLIGNITE garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

BITUMINOUS ANTHRACITE

Main Coal Deposits Bituminous Anthracite Subbituminous Lignite

Advantages and Disadvantages Pros Most abundant fossil fuel Major U.S. reserves 300 yrs. at current consumption rates High net energy yield Cons Dirtiest fuel, highest carbon dioxide Major environmental degradation Major threat to health © Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP

Coal Coal Producing Electricity with Coal Coal Coal gasification  Synthetic natural gas (SNG) Coal gasification  Synthetic natural gas (SNG) Coal liquefaction  Liquid fuels Disadvantage Disadvantage –Costly –High environmental impact

Deep Mining Deep Mining

garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt

Sulfur in Coal When coal is burned, sulfur is released primarily as sulfur dioxide (SO 2 - serious pollutant) When coal is burned, sulfur is released primarily as sulfur dioxide (SO 2 - serious pollutant) –Coal Cleaning - Methods of removing sulfur from coal include cleaning, solvent refining, gasification, and liquefaction Scrubbers are used to trap SO 2 when coal is burned –Two chief forms of sulfur is inorganic (FeS 2 or CaSO 4 ) and organic (Sulfur bound to Carbon)

Acid Mine Drainage The impact of mine drainage on a lake after receiving effluent from an abandoned tailings impoundment for over 50 years

Relatively fresh tailings in an impoundment. The same tailings impoundment after 7 years of sulfide oxidation. The white spots in Figures A and B are gulls.

Mine effluent discharging from the bottom of a waste rock pile

Shoreline of a pond receiving AMD showing massive accumulati on of iron hydroxides on the pond bottom

Groundwater flow through a tailings impoundment and discharging into lakes or streams.

Environmental Impact of Environmental Impact of Mining Environmental Impact of

1. Energy Resources 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Coal 5. Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Energy In a conventional nuclear power plant In a conventional nuclear power plant –a controlled nuclear fission chain reaction –heats water –produce high-pressure steam –that turns turbines –generates electricity.

Nuclear Energy Controlled Fission Chain Reaction neutrons split the nuclei of atoms such as of Uranium or Plutonium release energy (heat)

UtubeVideo

Radioactive decay continues until the the original isotope is changed into a stable isotope that is not radioactive Radioactivity: Nuclear changes in which unstable (radioactive) isotopes emit particles & energy Radioactivity

Types Alpha particles consist of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, and therefore are positively charged Beta particles are negatively charged (electrons) Gamma rays have no mass or charge, but are a form of electromagnetic radiation (similar to X-rays) Sources of natural radiation Soil Rocks Air Water Cosmic rays Radioactivity

The time needed for one-half of the nuclei in a radioisotope to decay and emit their radiation to form a different isotope Half-timeemitted Uranium million yrsalpha, gamma Plutonium yrsalpha, gamma During operation, nuclear power plants produce radioactive wastes, including some that remain dangerous for tens of thousands of years Half-Life

Diagram of Radioactive Decay cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt

Genetic damages: from mutations that alter genes Genetic defects can become apparent in the next generation Somatic damages: to tissue, such as burns, miscarriages & cancers Effects of Radiation

EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

1. Low-level radiation (Gives of low amount of radiation) Sources: nuclear power plants, hospitals & universities 1940 – 1970 most was dumped into the ocean Today deposit into landfills 2. High-level radiation (Gives of large amount of radiation) Fuel rods from nuclear power plants Half-time of Plutonium 239 is years No agreement about a safe method of storage Radioactive Waste

Radioactive Waste 1. Bury it deep underground. Problems: i.e. earthquake, groundwater… 2. Shoot it into space or into the sun. Problems: costs, accident would affect large area. 3. Bury it under the Antarctic ice sheet. Problems: long-term stability of ice is not known, global warming 4. Most likely plan for the US Bury it into Yucca Mountain in desert of Nevada Cost of over $ 50 billion 160 miles from Las Vegas Transportation across the country via train & truck

Yucca Mountain EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

Reprocess Nuclear Fuel During the operation of a nuclear reactor the uranium runs out During the operation of a nuclear reactor the uranium runs out Accumulating fission products hinder the proper function of a nuclear reactor Accumulating fission products hinder the proper function of a nuclear reactor Fuel needs to be (partly) renewed every year Fuel needs to be (partly) renewed every year EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt

Nuclear Energy Concerns about the safety, cost, and liability have slowed the growth of the nuclear power industry Concerns about the safety, cost, and liability have slowed the growth of the nuclear power industry Accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island showed that a partial or complete meltdown is possible Accidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island showed that a partial or complete meltdown is possible

Nuclear Power Plants in U.S. cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/BS105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt

Three Mile Island March 29, 1979, a reactor near Harrisburg, PA lost coolant water because of mechanical and human errors and suffered a partial meltdown 50,000 people evacuated & another 50,000 fled area Unknown amounts of radioactive materials released Partial cleanup & damages cost $1.2 billion Released radiation increased cancer rates.

Chernobyl April 26, 1986, reactor explosion (Ukraine) flung radioactive debris into atmosphereatmosphere Health ministry reported 3,576 deaths Green Peace estimates32,000 deaths; About 400,000 people were forced to leave their homes ~160,000 sq km (62,00 sq mi) contaminated > Half million people exposed to dangerous levels of radioactivity Cost of incident > $358 billion

Use of Nuclear Energy U.S. phasing out Some countries (France, Japan) investing increasingly U.S. currently ~7% of energy nuclear No new U.S. power plants ordered since % of 105 commercial nuclear power expected to be retired by 2015 and all by 2030 North Korea is getting new plants from the US France 78% energy nuclear

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