The cell phone in the classroom: a foe or a friend? EUROCALL 2011 Irina Averianova, Nagoya Business University, Japan Irina Averianova, Nagoya Business University, Japan

Cell Phone - History The first hand-held mobile phone by Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola 1979 – The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G) was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo 1981 – The simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden The first USAG network using the Motorola DynaTAC mobile phone.

Cell Phone – More History The first "modern" network of digital 2G (second generation) cellular technology was launched by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Group) in in Finland 1999 – The first i-mode service (connection of mobile phones to the Internet) by NTT DoCoMo, Japan The first commercial launch of 3G (Third Generation) technology was again in Japan by NTT DoCoMo The first IPhone, Internet- and multimedia-enabled smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc – The first 4 th Generation iPhone model released in Japan.

Cell Phone - History

Cell Phone Statistics - worldwide mobile phone subscriptions RankCountry or region Number of mobile phones % of population Last updated -WorldOver 5 billion2010 1China906,800, June India840,280, May United States302,947,09896Dec Russia220,550, February Brazil217,300, June Indonesia168,264, May Japan107,490, Mar. 2009

Cell Phone Functions Telephony Text messaging MMS Internet access Podcasts Photography Various business applications Gaming

Cell Phone – A friend? Access Ubiquity More reading and writing among teenagers (B. Bass, Maryland Writing Project, 2002; D.Crystal, 2009) Diversification of writing (H.Helderman, 2003) Revising and editing (G. Jacobs, 2005)

Cell Phone – A foe? Cheating University of Maryland, College Park, 12 students Hitotsubashi University, 26 students England, 287 school and college students Multitasking Disruption Txting – instead of normative writing > lack of code- switching skills

Instant Messaging-Development messages per customer per month % of all mobile phone users worldwide use Short Message Service (SMS). Finland, Sweden, Norway - 90% of the population The European average - about 85% trillion messages

Texting as Electronic Discourse: Written Speech Spoken Writing (Hybrid, A new computer style, Internet Slang, Internet language, Net speak, Chat Room Shorthand, Tech-talk, Nu English) DISCURSIVE DRIVES  Economy of writing  Linguistic relaxation  Maintenance of orality in the absence of direct auditory interaction

NUCB Survey Do you have a cell phone? Teachers – 73 % Students – 100 % For STUDENTS: what kind of cell phone? 50 % have Smart Phone (iPhone, etc.) For TEACHERS: Why not?  Happy without it.  No need.  Don’t need it in Japan.  Never had, never will.

NUCB Survey How long have you had a cell phone? More than 10 years Teachers – 51 % Students – 17 % * More than 5 years Teachers – 39 % Students – 48.4 %

NUCB Survey - Functions SMS, MMS, “Never” or “Almost never”? Teachers Students 48 % never send 4 % 32 % never receive 4 %

NUCB Survey - Functions Taking photos Teachers Students 48.6 % never or almost never 11 % Listening to sound files Teachers Students 83 % never or almost never 36 %

NUCB Survey - Functions Accessing the Internet Teachers Students 30 % 96 % Playing games ONLY 1 teacher SOMETIMES does 75 % of students DO

NUCB Survey Do we need to use cell-phone for teaching and learning? Agree DisagreeNot sure Teachers 2.8 % 54.3 % 42.9 % Students 47 % 3 % 50 %

NUCB Survey Have you ever seen or heard or read about any teaching/learning activities with cell-phones? 60 % of Teachers - NO 60 % of Students - YES IF you ever --–”--- … would you like to try them in your practice? 72 % - NO or NOT SURE! 28 % - YES

NUCB Survey Students SHOULD NOT use cell-phone at school AGREE Teachers Students 75 % 60 % DISAGREE Teachers Students 8.5 % 11 %

A Friend or a Foe? YES! “To address the educational needs of our students it is important to understand how technology influences their everyday lives” (Hoopingarner, 2008) YES! Japan is “one of the leading mobile telephone markets, not only in terms of size, but also in terms of innovation (Hulme-Jones, 2010) YES! “The cell phone is the technology of choice for today’s students” (Hoopingarner, 2008)

A Friend or a Foe Cell Phone at school - 2b or not 2b ?  Innovative research!  Innovative practice! Thank you!