DESIGN OF AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE FOR SURVEILLANCE OF DRY-EYE PROBLEM IN SCREEN ADDICTS

MOHAMMED WAQIALLA BASIM AHMED AHMAD AL-SHOMAR ALA’A ABDUL JABBAR Supervised by DR. BAHATTİN KARAGÖZOĞLU

What is your choice ? A normal eye suffering from dry eye Normal eye

The Five Building Blocks of the Problem Solving Heuristic Problem Definition Problem Definition Generating Solutions Generating Solutions Deciding the Course of Actions Deciding the Course of Actions Implementation of the Solution Implementation of the Solution Evaluation Evaluation

Problem Definition Collecting and gathering the information and data Collecting and gathering the information and data Talking with people familiar with problem Talking with people familiar with problem

What is dry eye ? Dry eye is the decline of the quantity of tears bathing the eye. Dry eye is the decline of the quantity of tears bathing the eye. Tears flow into the eye from two separate glands. The lacrimal glands and the tarsal glands. Tears flow into the eye from two separate glands. The lacrimal glands and the tarsal glands.

Dry Eye Symptoms Itching Itching Burning Burning Irritation Irritation Redness Redness

Diagnosis of Dry Eye A dry-eye is often diagnosed with a dye test or simple eye examination which called the Schirmer Test. A dry-eye is often diagnosed with a dye test or simple eye examination which called the Schirmer Test.

Causes of Dry Eye Dry eye may occur as a result of the following: Absence of lacrimal gland Absence of lacrimal gland Deep anesthesia Deep anesthesia Drugs and medications that reduce the tear secretion Drugs and medications that reduce the tear secretion The insufficient lubrication in the eye which cause as a result of the reduction in the normal rate of blinking during some activities which need from the person to stare at something for a long period of time like : reading, watching TV, or working on a computer The insufficient lubrication in the eye which cause as a result of the reduction in the normal rate of blinking during some activities which need from the person to stare at something for a long period of time like : reading, watching TV, or working on a computer

Problem Definition Exploring the Problem

Problem Definition Many users of computer suffer from Dry eye symptoms as a result of there staring at the monitor during their work protect the users of computer from suffering these symptoms during their work Present stateDesire state

Statement – Restatement Technique User suffer during their work in computer User suffer from the staring at the monitor User suffer because their eye are dry User suffer because their normal rate of blinking decline

The aim of project protecting the users of the computer, specially the screen addicts, from suffering the dry-eye syndrome during or after their working hours protecting the users of the computer, specially the screen addicts, from suffering the dry-eye syndrome during or after their working hours

The Idea of project when the eyes stare at an object such as a book or a screen, the blink rate decreases below the normal rate. Therefore, by keeping the rate of blinking at the normal level, we actually, reduce the period of staring, which means that obviating the happening of the dry-eye problems. when the eyes stare at an object such as a book or a screen, the blink rate decreases below the normal rate. Therefore, by keeping the rate of blinking at the normal level, we actually, reduce the period of staring, which means that obviating the happening of the dry-eye problems.

Generating Solutions Electromyogram (EMG) Electromyogram (EMG) Laser transmission and detection Laser transmission and detection Magnetic sensors Magnetic sensors Video-based detectors Video-based detectors Infrared reflection Infrared reflection

Electromyogram (EMG) Advantages of the technique include: Determining exact timing of the eyelid motion, Determining exact timing of the eyelid motion, Signal processing required is not complicated, Signal processing required is not complicated, No eyeglass and/or a device focusing on the eye are required. No eyeglass and/or a device focusing on the eye are required.

Electromyogram (EMG( Disadvantages can be counted as: Disadvantages can be counted as: Invasive (requires electrodes to be inserted into the tissue), Invasive (requires electrodes to be inserted into the tissue), It can be applied only in a limited number of people in a research setting. It can be applied only in a limited number of people in a research setting.

Laser transmission and detection Disadvantages of this method are: Disadvantages of this method are: Risk of damaging the eye and, Risk of damaging the eye and, Skin acts as a depth diffuser leading to the possibility of erroneously detecting blood flow under the skin. Skin acts as a depth diffuser leading to the possibility of erroneously detecting blood flow under the skin.

Magnetic sensors Advantages of this method are: Highly accurate and reliable and, Highly accurate and reliable and, Sensitivity to the small movements. Sensitivity to the small movements.

Magnetic sensors Disadvantages such as: Disadvantages such as: Semi-invasive, Semi-invasive, Requires calibration and accurate positioning of magnets, Requires calibration and accurate positioning of magnets, Expensive and Expensive and May interfere with other equipment May interfere with other equipment

Video-based detectors Advantages of this method can be stated as: Advantages of this method can be stated as: Non-invasive, Non-invasive, Equipment opens up allows for development of further applications in the future, Equipment opens up allows for development of further applications in the future, Automatic calibration. Automatic calibration.

Video-based detectors Disadvantages of such as: Disadvantages of such as: The detector occupies slightly more space around the eyes than other methods, The detector occupies slightly more space around the eyes than other methods, The speed of detection is limited by equipment, and The speed of detection is limited by equipment, and It requires complicated signal processing. It requires complicated signal processing.

Infrared reflection Advantages of this technique are: Advantages of this technique are: It is non-invasive and safe to operate, It is non-invasive and safe to operate, It can work under ambient light since the detection is in the infrared region, It can work under ambient light since the detection is in the infrared region, Components needed for the development of the project are easily available, Components needed for the development of the project are easily available, Electronic hardware and software, and mechanical implementations of components of the project are within the capabilities of the team members. Electronic hardware and software, and mechanical implementations of components of the project are within the capabilities of the team members.

Infrared reflection Disadvantages are: It requires a special eyeglass, It requires a special eyeglass, It needs careful adjustment of the IR transmitter-receiver pairs, It needs careful adjustment of the IR transmitter-receiver pairs, The instrumented eyeglass may interfere with the normal vision. The instrumented eyeglass may interfere with the normal vision.

Deciding the Course of Action The requirement EMGLaserDetectorMagneticSensors Video Based Detector Infrared reflection Does not affect the blinking itself √√x√√ Safe and convenience xxx√√ Synchronizing with the speed of the blinking speed of the blinking√√√x√ Consisting of available and inexpensive components √√xx√ Decision analyzes table for monitoring the dry-eye syndrome

Implementation of the Solution

Detection Unit The function of this block is the detection of the eye blinks by sensing the differential of the amount of infrared reflected. The transmitter will be an infrared led and the receiver will be a photo-diode or a phototransistor. The function of this block is the detection of the eye blinks by sensing the differential of the amount of infrared reflected. The transmitter will be an infrared led and the receiver will be a photo-diode or a phototransistor.

Signal Processing Unit

Audio Amplifier The audio amplifier (LM386) has control the gain with minimum external parts to increase the gain to any value up to 200) The audio amplifier (LM386) has control the gain with minimum external parts to increase the gain to any value up to 200) Also used as a comparator since the detection of the blink can be determined by comparing the variation of the reflected signal to a certain reference. Also used as a comparator since the detection of the blink can be determined by comparing the variation of the reflected signal to a certain reference. Changing of this reference, Changing of this reference, play an important role play an important role in controlling the sensitivity in controlling the sensitivity of the system of the system

The Optocoupler is an electronic component that transfers an electrical signal or voltage from one part of a circuit to another or from one circuit to another, while electrically isolating the two circuits from each other is an electronic component that transfers an electrical signal or voltage from one part of a circuit to another or from one circuit to another, while electrically isolating the two circuits from each other

Also using the optocoupler as a buffer between the stages of our project, help us in reducing the distortion in the original signal. Moreover, the optocoupler increases the switching speed due to two transistors as switches after the rectification

Analog to Digital Converter we preferred using simple digital IC’s such as: NAND gates and decade counter to convert our signal from analog to digital we preferred using simple digital IC’s such as: NAND gates and decade counter to convert our signal from analog to digital

The conversion process consists from two stages The set stage :when the input analog signal is (high), the out put of the compensation of the NAND gates 1,2 and 3 is (low ), which leads to enable the decade counter (7490) to start counting. When the counter reaches to number 3, the two inputs for the NAND gate 4 are (high) which means the output is low. And in order to drive the optocoupler 3 that controlling the wireless sending for the pulses that represent the eye blinks, we use the NAND gate 6 as an inverter for the zero state of the signal. The set stage :when the input analog signal is (high), the out put of the compensation of the NAND gates 1,2 and 3 is (low ), which leads to enable the decade counter (7490) to start counting. When the counter reaches to number 3, the two inputs for the NAND gate 4 are (high) which means the output is low. And in order to drive the optocoupler 3 that controlling the wireless sending for the pulses that represent the eye blinks, we use the NAND gate 6 as an inverter for the zero state of the signal.

The reset stage : When the counter reaches to number 5, the two inputs for the NAND gate 5 are (high) and the output is (low), which leads to disable the decade counter (7490) and stop counting even if the input analog signal changes to (low) in order to prepare the counter for receipting another high signal The reset stage : When the counter reaches to number 5, the two inputs for the NAND gate 5 are (high) and the output is (low), which leads to disable the decade counter (7490) and stop counting even if the input analog signal changes to (low) in order to prepare the counter for receipting another high signal After the analog signal has been converted to the digital form, and since this digital Signal represents the eye blinks, so that we can easily count them and display the results using any type of display units. Also by interfacing the digital signal to the computer, the blinking of eyes can be monitored in order to prevent the dryness to take place during the work on the computer. After the analog signal has been converted to the digital form, and since this digital Signal represents the eye blinks, so that we can easily count them and display the results using any type of display units. Also by interfacing the digital signal to the computer, the blinking of eyes can be monitored in order to prevent the dryness to take place during the work on the computer.

Software program A program has been written in VISUAL BASIC to receive, detect and count the signals that sent by the wireless keyboard and which represent the eye blinks, the program also gives alarm to the user when his blink rate drops below the normal rate and shows him numbers of exercises for relaxing the eyes A program has been written in VISUAL BASIC to receive, detect and count the signals that sent by the wireless keyboard and which represent the eye blinks, the program also gives alarm to the user when his blink rate drops below the normal rate and shows him numbers of exercises for relaxing the eyes

Evaluation Evaluation

Problems and suggested solution The problem Our suggested solution The result The tone generator for the transmitter Design and implement the circuit Cheap but It will take a time (X) Buy a tone generator kit from the market Expensive but it will save our time and it is reliable (√)

The problem Our suggested solution The result Making common supply for the project Design special circuit for this purpose It will reduce the size and the cost of the batteries but it will cause a conflict between some units in the project (X) Keep the different supplies The system will works successfully but the size and the cost of the project will increase (√)

The problem Our suggested solution The result Choosing the suitable place for the IR pair to detect the blink signal Design a special glasses that contain the IR pair and provides a mechanical alignment for the IR pair The required martial for this design is not available in the markets (X) Buy a normal glasses and fix the IR pair through it The problem solved but the IR will aligned manually so that we will face a difficulty to find the ideal position for detection (√)

Physical Characteristics

Performance: The performance of the system in counting the number of eye blinks was very acceptable. Performance: The performance of the system in counting the number of eye blinks was very acceptable. Safety: The optical safety was taken in consideration since we selected a harmless type of infrared transmitter and receiver. Safety: The optical safety was taken in consideration since we selected a harmless type of infrared transmitter and receiver. Size: It is a small box, which is portable. Size: It is a small box, which is portable. Weight: The overall weight is around 1 kg so that it is light enough to carry and use. Weight: The overall weight is around 1 kg so that it is light enough to carry and use. Materials: The outer casing is plastic. Electrical connections are through grade wires. The glasses made of plastic which make it comfortable to wear. Materials: The outer casing is plastic. Electrical connections are through grade wires. The glasses made of plastic which make it comfortable to wear.

Electrical Aspects of the Design Accuracy and reliability The device counts the eye blinks with an accuracy of 2 %. The device counts the eye blinks with an accuracy of 2 %. There is 1% error in the counting result that displayed on the LCD and the one that displayed on the computer as a result of the time delay that happens during the wireless connection. There is 1% error in the counting result that displayed on the LCD and the one that displayed on the computer as a result of the time delay that happens during the wireless connection.

Power In order to be easy to change and replace the batteries that consist these sources which are: 9 volt DC for supplying the tone generator circuit, 6 volt DC for supplying the signal processing unit, 6 volt DC for supplying the microcontroller and the LCD and finally, 3 volt DC for supplying the wireless connection circuit. In order to be easy to change and replace the batteries that consist these sources which are: 9 volt DC for supplying the tone generator circuit, 6 volt DC for supplying the signal processing unit, 6 volt DC for supplying the microcontroller and the LCD and finally, 3 volt DC for supplying the wireless connection circuit.

Recommendation Glasses Design Glasses Design We prefer to make the lenses of the our glasses antireflection in order to protect the user from the rays that produced from the screen Uniting the Sources of Power Uniting the Sources of Power The cost and size of this device will be reduced if some of the subsystems of the device are redesigned in order to eliminate the electrical conflict between them and make a source that can supply the power to the all sections of the device. Recommendations for Computer Users Recommendations for Computer Users It is preferable making most of the working on the computer- if it is possible- during the periods between the prays specially. It is preferable making most of the working on the computer- if it is possible- during the periods between the prays specially.