Infectious Diseases  Four categories Viral Bacterial Fungal Parasitic  Some infections can be prevented by immunization 2

Infectious Diseases  Many have incubation period  Symptoms Fever, nausea, and vomiting Malaise Cough and rash Anorexia 3

Infectious Diseases  Treatment Varies but may consist of good nutrition Rest Non-aspirin antipyretics 4

Viral Diseases  Usually treated symptomatically  Invade host and can lay dormant  Reactivated by certain triggers: stress, illness, trauma 5

Viral Diseases  Common viral diseases Measles Rubeola: Koplik’s spots Rubella: “German measles” Mumps: inflammation of parotid glands 6

Viral Diseases  Varicella - “chickenpox” or herpes zoster  Poliomyelitis - polio virus; immunization has reduced threat of disease  Influenza: “flu”  Common cold: rhinovirus 7

Viral Diseases  Mononucleosis - “kissing disease” from Epstein-Barr virus  Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 8

Bacterial Diseases  Pathogens such as staphylococcus, streptococcus, haemophilus, clostridium  Symptoms Fever, cough, headache, difficulty breathing, and sore throat  Treatment based on causative agent 9

Bacterial Diseases  Common bacterial diseases Pertussis - “whooping cough” Diphtheria - severe inflammation of respiratory system Tuberculosis - “consumption” 10

Bacterial Diseases  Common bacterial diseases Tularemia - “Rabbit Fever” Impetigo - dermatitis caused by staphylococcus or Group A streptococcus 11

Bacterial Diseases  Acute tonsillitis - infection of the palatine tonsils located on posterior wall of nasopharynx  Otitis Media - acute bacterial infection of middle ear 12

Fungal Diseases  Skin or mucous membranes in children  Usually not severe but irritating  Fungal diseases Candidiasis - thrush is an oral fungal infection 13

Fungal Diseases  Fungal diseases Tinea ○ Ringworm ○ Tinea corporis (face, trunk, extremities) ○ Tinea cruris - “jock itch” ○ Tinea pedis - athlete’s foot 14

Parasitic Diseases  Common where there is poor nutrition, contaminated water, low socioeconomic conditions  Common parasitic diseases in United States Giardiasis - infection by protozoa Pediculosis - lice 15

Parasitic Diseases  Common parasitic diseases in United States Pinworms - parasitic nematodes that infect intestines and rectum Roundworms - parasites that lodge in intestines, absorbing nutrients from host 16

Respiratory Diseases  Most common childhood diseases seen by physicians  Respiratory diseases Sudden Infant Death Syndrome - abrupt unexplained death of an infant under the age of one Croup - known as laryngotracheobronchitis 17

Respiratory Diseases  Adenoid Hyperplasia - enlargement of pharyngeal tonsils  Asthma - chronic respiratory system disease  Pneumonia - inflammation of lung parenchyma 18

Digestive Diseases  Children may experience serious development problems due to lack of appropriate ingestion, digestion, absorption, or elimination  Fluid and electrolyte imbalance are frequently more severe in children 19

Digestive Diseases  Examples Fluid imbalance Food allergies Eating disorders - major problem among children, especially adolescent females 20

Musculoskeletal Diseases  Soft tissue injuries and fractures to joint and bone  Legg-Calvé-Perthes – avascular necrosis of upper end of femur  Ewing’s Sarcoma - malignant neoplasm occurring before age 20 21

Blood Diseases  Leukemia - malignancy of blood-forming cells in bone marrow Most common disorder of blood and blood- forming organs in children 22

Neurologic Diseases  Reye’s Syndrome - acute encephalopathy in children under age 15 who have had a viral infection 23

Eye and Ear Diseases  Have profound effects on child’s ability to learn and develop  Common diseases Strabismus - lazy or cross-eye Deafness - may be caused by genes, trauma, infections, exposure to ototoxic drugs 24

Trauma  Child abuse - serious problem in United States, and it is often fatal  Suicide - third leading cause of death among young people 25

Trauma  Drug abuse - illicit drug, alcohol, and tobacco use among children  Epidemic among adolescents  Poisoning - among top five causes of accidental death under age 10 26