Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

 Define key terms  Explain the relationship of chain of infection to transmission of infection  Identify and describe the routes of infection  Understand how the immune system works  Identify the body’s normal defenses against infection Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

 Infection  Pathogen  Endemic  Pandemic  Virulent  Vaccination  Meningitis  Pneumonia  Tuberculosis  virus Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

 Fungi  Parasite Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

 Candidiasis  Public lice  AIDS  HIV  COPD  Sleep apnoea Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

 Reservoir = e.g. human  Portal of exit = e.g. nasal mucosa  Mode of transmission = e.g.insect bite  Portal of entry e.g. skin  Susceptible host = immunocompromised Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

 3P8 3P8 Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

 Vaccination  Good nutrition  Adequate rest  Disposal of rubbish  Masks, gloves  Medical asepsis  Surgical asepsis  HANDWASHING Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

 Lymphoid organs  Lymphocytes  B Cells and T cells made in bone marrow  Key organs: spleen, thymus and bone marrow  Macrophages  C894&feature=related C894&feature=related Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

 Produced in the bone marrow Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

 Risk Factors You Typically Cannot Control ◦ Heredity ◦ Aging ◦ Environmental conditions ◦ Organism virulence Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

 Risk Factors You Can Control ◦ Stress ◦ Nutrition ◦ Fitness level ◦ Sleep ◦ Drug use ◦ Personal hygiene ◦ High-risk behaviors ◦ Exposure to products and services that increase risk Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

“when the body makes an error in the antigen- antibody response and builds up antibodies against it’s own tissue and attempts to destroy it” Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

 Naturally acquired active immunity –exposure to antigens in daily life “a killed or weakened version of a disease causing microrganism (antigen)” Stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies against future attacks without causing the disease ◦ Artificially acquired active immunity ◦ injections, oral dose ◦ Naturally acquired passive immunity ◦ – passed through to foetus by mother or through breast feeding. ◦ T- and B-cell memory Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

 /$File/natl-immunisation-sched- 21mar-11.pdf /$File/natl-immunisation-sched- 21mar-11.pdf  Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

Disease causing micro-organisms 6 major types: 1. Bacteria 2. Viruses 3. Fungi 4. Protozoans 5. Parasites Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

3 types (classified by their shape) cocci, bacilli, spirilli Cocci  Staphylocci – normally present on the skin; MRSA  streptococci – Group A (strep throat; necrotising fascitis)  Meningococcal meningitis: stiff neck, Fever, severe headache, photophobia Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

 Pneumonia: ‘disease of the lung characterised by characterised by cough, chest pains, chills, fever and eventual respiratory failure”. - Most common forms caused by bacteria  Tuberculosis: “caused by bacteria infiltrating the respiratory system causing chronic inflammatory reaction in the lungs”. -airborne transmission -persistent cough, weight loss, coughing blood, early morning fever Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

 Not alive, but still pathogens ◦ The common cold ◦ Influenza ◦ Hepatitis: three different types  A (HAV)  B (HBV)  C (HCV)  Prion – the smallest known pathogen Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

◦ Fungi ◦ Protozoans ◦ Parasitic worms Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011

 The Immune System: Your Body Fights Back ◦ Immunity – “being able to resist a particualr disease by counteracting the substance that produces the disease” ◦ Antigens – “a substance capable of triggering an immune response” e.g. bacteria, virus ◦ Antibodies – “the body’s response to an antigen” ◦ Humoral immune response – the process whereby the body produces antibodies in response to antigens. ◦ Cell-mediated immunity  Lymphocytes  Macrophages Viv Josephs Heal 4002 Semester 2, 2011