Criteria for classification as reported in an ancient Chinese encyclopedia (Lakoff 1987): “…it is written that animals are divided into: those that belong to the Emperor embalmed ones those that are trained suckling pigs mermaids fabulous ones stray dogs those that tremble as if they were mad those that have just broken a flower vase

Taxonomy- study of classification science of identifying, naming and classifying organisms into groups Systematics- studies diversity of life study and classification of organisms with the goal of reconstructing their evolutionary history

Linnaeus- 1700’s, Swedish physician/botanist Developed binomial naming system

Example of Coral Classification Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa Order Scleractinia Family Fungiidae Genus Fungia Species scutaria Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnidaria Class Anthozoa Order Scleractinia Family Fungiidae Genus Fungia Species scutaria The Mushroom Coral Fungia scutaria The Mushroom Coral Fungia scutaria

Biological Nomenclature A species is both defined by its genus name and specific name. Ex. Fungia scutaria Fungia- genus name scutaria- species name

Biological Species Organisms that are genetically similar, and have ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

Offspring is sterile mule horse donkey

Energy: autotrophic, heterotrophic, chemotrophic Internal/External skeleton: back bone, bone/cartilage Cell structure: multi or single celled, nucleus/no nucleus, cell wall/no cell wall, chlorophyll present/not present, Mode of Reproduction: binary fission, gametes Respiratory system: gills, lungs, gas exchange across skin/epithelium Circulatory system: closed/open, # of chambers in a heart

Classification Five kingdom system: MoneraProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Six kingdom system: Eu- bacteria ProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Archae- bacteria Three domain system: Eu- bacteria Archae- bacteria E U K A R Y A Eight kingdom system: Eu- bacteria Archezoa FungiPlantaeAnimalia Archae- bacteria Chromista Protista

Six kingdom system: Eu- bacteria ProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Archae- bacteria Monera

Kingdoms Archaebacteria & Eubacteria (Monera) l Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms. l Heterotrophic, photoautotrophic, and chemoautotrophic species. - Purple sulfur bacteria- chemoautotrophic - Blue-green algae (cyano)- photoautotrophic - E. coli- heterotrophic l Some with cell walls, but cell walls composed of peptidoglycan, not cellulose (as in higher plants).

Kingdom Protista l Eukaryotic, generally single-celled, organisms. l If multicellular, then cells not well-oganized into tissues and organs (more colonies of cells). l A very heterogeneous group include both heterotrophic and photoautotrophic forms. l Includes protozoa (e.g., Paramecium, Amoeba, & Euglena, etc.) and algae (e.g., diatoms, dinoflagellates, Volvox, & most seaweed groups). l Eukaryotic, generally single-celled, organisms. l If multicellular, then cells not well-oganized into tissues and organs (more colonies of cells). l A very heterogeneous group include both heterotrophic and photoautotrophic forms. l Includes protozoa (e.g., Paramecium, Amoeba, & Euglena, etc.) and algae (e.g., diatoms, dinoflagellates, Volvox, & most seaweed groups).

Diatoms Dinoflagellates Kingdom Protista Diatoms Dinoflagellates Green algae Brown Algae Red algae

Halimeda opuntia Chlorophyta: Green Algae Caulerpa racemosa Caulerpa sertularioides Dictyosphaeria cavernosa Codium edule

Sargassum polyphyllum Sargassum echinocarpum Phaeophyta: Brown Algae Turbinaria ornata Padina japonica Hydroclathrus clathratus

Hypnea chordacea Asparagopsis taxiformis Galaxaura fastigiata Acanthophora spicifera Ahnfeltia concinna Rhodophyta: Red Algae

Kingdom Plantae l Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with cells organized into distinct tissues. l Photoautotrophic nutrition. l Most adapted for a terrestrial existence and possessing vascular tissues. l Cells with chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls. l Includes mosses, ferns, pine trees, cycads, ginkgos, and flowering plants. l Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with cells organized into distinct tissues. l Photoautotrophic nutrition. l Most adapted for a terrestrial existence and possessing vascular tissues. l Cells with chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls. l Includes mosses, ferns, pine trees, cycads, ginkgos, and flowering plants.

Sea grasses Kingdom Plantae Halophilia hawaiiana- only form of seagrass in Hawaii

Mangroves

Kingdom Fungi marine fungi l Eukaryotic, generally multicellular, organisms (a few species, e.g., yeast are unicellular). l Heterotrophic, saprophytic (absorptive) nutrition. l Most with cell walls (usually composed of chitin) and complex life histories. l Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms. l Eukaryotic, generally multicellular, organisms (a few species, e.g., yeast are unicellular). l Heterotrophic, saprophytic (absorptive) nutrition. l Most with cell walls (usually composed of chitin) and complex life histories. l Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms.

Kingdom Animalia l Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with cells organized into distinct tissues. l Heterotrophic nutrition l Most exhibit significant capacity for locomotion. l Cells not surrounded by cell walls. l Includes sponges, sea anemones, snails, insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles, birds, and human beings. l Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with cells organized into distinct tissues. l Heterotrophic nutrition l Most exhibit significant capacity for locomotion. l Cells not surrounded by cell walls. l Includes sponges, sea anemones, snails, insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles, birds, and human beings.

Phylogentic Relationships of Animals Ancestral Protist segmentation true tissue radial symmetry bilateral symmetry Deuterostomes: eucoelom Protostome: schizocoelem pseudo coelom Porifera Cnideria Platyhelminthes Nematoda Mollusca Annelida Echinodermata Chordata Arthropoda no true tissues acoelom

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Porifera Class Hexactinellida Class Desmospongia Class Calcaria Purple and yellow tube sponge Boring sponge

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Cnideria Class Hydrozoa- hydroids Class Scyphozoa- jellies Class Cubozoa- box jellies Class Anthozoa- corals and anemones

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Ctenophora- comb jellies Kingdom Animalia Phylum Platyhelmithes- flat worms

Spanish Dancer (nudibranch) & egg mass Class Gastropoda Subclass Opisthobranchia Kingdom Animalia Phylum Mollusca

Cone shell Triton’s trumpet Cowery Opihi periwinkle Class Gastropoda Subclass Prosobranchia

Class Polyplacophora (chitons)

Class Bivalvia

Class Cephalopoda Day octopus

Phylum Echinodermata: Class Echinoidea: Sea Urchins Echinometra mathaei Colobocentrotus atratus Echinothrix calamaris Slate pencil urchin Collector urchin

Class Holothuroidea: Sea Cucumbers Holothuria atra Polyplectana kerfersteninii

Linckia sp. Acanthaster planci Class Asteroidea: Sea Stars

Class Ophiuroidea: Brittle Stars

Echinodermata: Class Crinoidea: Feather Stars

Phylum Arthropoda Banded coral shrimp Spiny lobster Hawaiian cleaner shrimpYellow spotted guard crab Anemone carrying hermit crab

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Chondrichthyes

680 species of fish in the islands' waters. About 30% of these fish are endemic to the area. Class Osteichthyes

Domino damsel Trigger (Humu) Dwarf moray Porcupine trumpetfish Achilles tang White mouthed morey

Class Amphibia Rana cancrivora

Class Reptilia Sea snake Marine turtle Marine iguana Saltwater crocodile

Class Aves

Class Mammalia Dugong manatee Sea otter Whales & Dolphins Polar bear Seals & sealions