Chapter Nine Africa South of the Sahara

A New Dawn? A Heritage of Resources and History The Challenges of the Present

African Cultures Ethnic Diversity and Shared Cultures African Empires Muslims in the North and East Colonial Regimes Slave Trade Explorers and Colonies Colonists Who Settled Colonial Government

African Cultures (cont’d) Independence and After Colonial Country Borders Multinationals and Raw Materials Cold War and Subsequent Pressures Southern Africa Development Conference Population and Environmental Pressures Sahel Governments and Global Institutions

African Cultures (cont’d) Can Africa Claim the Twenty-First Century? Four Areas of Action Improved governance and conflict resolution Investment in people Economic diversification Reduced aid dependence, debt, and stronger intraregional partnerships

Natural Environments and Resources Tropical Climates Changing Climates Ancient Rocks, Plateaus, Rifts, and Volcanoes Plateaus Rift Valleys Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya

Natural Environments and Resources (cont’d) Ancient Landscapes Niger River Nile River Congo River Zambezi River Orange River Forests, Savannas, and Deserts Resources

Environmental Problems Drought and Desertification Soil Quality Losses Wildlife Tropical Diseases HIV/AIDS Pandemic Natural Environments and Resources (cont’d)

Africa, Globalization, and Localization Loser in the global economy Provides cheap raw materials to the materially wealthy Western world Debtors and recipients of aid Local rather than global orientations

Subregions Central Africa Western Africa Eastern Africa Southern Africa

Central Africa Countries Tutsi Hutu People Ethnicity Urban and Rural Distribution Population Dynamics Increasing rapidly

Central Africa (cont’d) Economic Development Dominant Agriculture Forestry, Fishing, and Mining Emerging Manufacturing Transportation is Vital French Links Communauté Financière Africaine (CFA )

Western Africa Countries People Ethnicity Urbanization Population Dynamics

Western Africa (cont’d) Economic Development Primacy of Agriculture Forestry, Fishing, and Mining Manufacturing Services

Eastern Africa Countries Ethiopia and Neighboring Countries Former British East Africa People Ethnicity Population Dynamics

Eastern Africa (cont’d) Economic Development Agriculture is Central Variable Manufacturing Development Services and Tourism

Famine Due to Natural Causes Widespread famine occurs when there is drought and is a matter of climate and climate change. It is a major problem in the Sahel region of Africa. Local famine also arises because of pests such as locusts, plant diseases, river flooding, and destructive weather systems—also natural environmental factors. Famine Induced by Human Actions Point-Counterpoint: Famine in Africa

Southern Africa Countries Republic of South Africa Other Former British Colonies Former Portuguese Colonies Current Governments People Ethnicity Urbanization Population Dynamics

Southern Africa (cont’d) Economic Development Agricultural Diversity Mining Wealth Manufacturing Contrasts Services Outlook