Accelerating the Diffusion of Knowledge to Advance Science and Technology United States Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information Karen J. Spence May 2007

2 27 Research Facilities and Laboratories across the U.S., plus 5,000+ grantees 27 Research Facilities and Laboratories across the U.S., plus 5,000+ grantees Samuel W. Bodman Secretary of Energy

3 Walt Warnick, Ph.D. Director, Office of Scientific and Technical Information U.S. Department of Energy 1 Science.gov Way, Oak Ridge,Tennessee Since 1947, OSTI has been ensuring that researchers and citizens have appropriate access to the nation’s R&D results

4 OSTI’s Mission is critical to DOE’s Science Mission To advance science and sustain technological creativity by making R&D findings available and useful to DOE researchers and the American people. Knowledge is contagious – it’s our job to make sure everyone “catches” it! OSTI’s Creed

5 1. DOE’s STI: Collect and preserve DOE-funded R&D results in a variety of document formats, housed in a central repository of both physical and electronic publications, and disseminate as broadly as possible 2. INNOVATION: Provide access to expanded sources of R&D information to the DOE research community and science-attentive public, using innovative tools such as federated deep Web searching of multiple databases and relevancy ranking to advance awareness of a broad array of scientific information related to DOE missions Fulfilling the Mission

6 Getting the R&D Message Out OSTI’s deployment of groundbreaking information access technology has been developed only through the most judicious use of very limited funding. OSTI’s budget of approximately $9 million represents 0.1 percent of DOE’s $9 billion R&D budget

7 He called on scientists to make more of their research available. “We have to unlock the wealth of scientific knowledge and get it to everyone.” Larry Page, speaking to scientists at AAAS, February, 2007 Google Founder Delivers Message to Scientists

8 OSTI Corollary: If the sharing of knowledge is accelerated, scientific progress is accelerated Science Progresses as Knowledge Is Shared Compressing decades to years, years to months, and months to days

9 Key DOE/OSTI Information Services and Partnerships DOE/OSTI Database Products DOE/OSTI Database Products Interagency Partnerships Interagency Partnerships –Science.gov International Partnerships International Partnerships –ETDE –Global Science Gateway

10 DOE/OSTI Database Products DOE Information Bridge DOE Information Bridge 147,000+ full text documents of research report literature Energy Citations Database Energy Citations Database million citations to report literature, conference papers, journal articles, books, dissertations, and patents of interest to DOE and its predecessor agencies

11 DOE/OSTI Database Products (Cont.) DOE R&D Accomplishments DOE R&D Accomplishments A central forum for information about the outcomes of past DOE R&D that have had significant economic impact, have improved people’s lives, or have been widely recognized as remarkable advances in science

12 EPrint Network Started in January 2000, EPN has now become one of OSTI’s primary products Started in January 2000, EPN has now become one of OSTI’s primary products Content encompasses 25,000+ web sites, provides full text searching on ~ 1 million eprints, accesses over 3 million additional documents from 52 simultaneously searched major databases, and links to 2983 professional societies Content encompasses 25,000+ web sites, provides full text searching on ~ 1 million eprints, accesses over 3 million additional documents from 52 simultaneously searched major databases, and links to 2983 professional societies

13 6 Core Information Practices of Scientists Stanford University Libraries e-Journal User Study by Institute for the Future

14 Vision for EPN OSTI hopes to evolve the EPN from a primarily information search and retrieval product to one that supports the researcher more broadly in all of his/her professional information needs. OSTI hopes to evolve the EPN from a primarily information search and retrieval product to one that supports the researcher more broadly in all of his/her professional information needs. Such a product could be used to support parallel information activities such as creating, storing, holding document files; automatically building search strategies using previously successful searches; using knowledge management software tools to manage their professional documents collection; locating experts; finding jobs, fellowships, grants; and so on. Such a product could be used to support parallel information activities such as creating, storing, holding document files; automatically building search strategies using previously successful searches; using knowledge management software tools to manage their professional documents collection; locating experts; finding jobs, fellowships, grants; and so on.

15 Interagency Partnerships Science.gov Gateway to 1800 scientific websites Gateway to 1800 scientific websites 50 million pages of science information 50 million pages of science information Real time results Real time results Relevancy Ranked results Relevancy Ranked results Voluntary coalition of 12 Federal agencies Voluntary coalition of 12 Federal agencies

16 International Partnerships A Global Science Gateway Vision: A world-class, Web-based facility that lets any scientist and citizen in the world easily discover and use the results from participating nations. Vision: A world-class, Web-based facility that lets any scientist and citizen in the world easily discover and use the results from participating nations. The Global Science Gateway will speed communication and accelerate discovery, thus expediting scientific and economic progress. The Global Science Gateway will speed communication and accelerate discovery, thus expediting scientific and economic progress.

17 Global Science Gateway Strategic Vision The Global Science Gateway will: Search dispersed, electronic collections in general. subject-specific. and cross-cutting fields of science; Provide direct and free searching of open- source collections and portals and will also allow patrons with proper access credentials to simultaneously search limited-access systems (e.g. agreements based on country membership);

18 Strategic Vision (Cont.) Build upon existing and already successful national models for searching; Seek to complement existing information collections and systems; and Maximize the attribution to and recognition of individual sources of information to the patron for the purpose of raising the visibility and usage of individual sources.

19 Global Science Gateway Global Science Gateway A Statement of Intent was signed January 21, 2007 by Dr. Raymond Orbach, Under Secretary for Science of the U.S. Department of Energy, and Lynne Brindley, Chief Executive of the British Library. A Statement of Intent was signed January 21, 2007 by Dr. Raymond Orbach, Under Secretary for Science of the U.S. Department of Energy, and Lynne Brindley, Chief Executive of the British Library.Dr. Raymond OrbachLynne Brindley British LibraryDr. Raymond OrbachLynne Brindley British Library

20 International Partnerships ETDE  Mission: “To provide governments, industry and the research community in the member countries with access to the widest range of information on energy research, science and technology and to increase dissemination of this information to developing countries.”

Current ETDE Member Countries Brazil Canada Denmark Finland FranceGermany Korea, Rep. of The NetherlandsNorway Mexico Switzerland Sweden United Kingdom United States Spain Portugal Spain Member Representative:

ETDE’s “Product” – ETDEWEB  3.8 million citations – the world’s largest database of energy information  “ETDEWEB is clearly the information system of reference” (source: European Commission, May 2005)  Broad coverage of energy and environmental subjects

ETDE Membership Benefits  Staying abreast of recent developments in various research areas  Avoiding duplication of research effort and learning from expected and unexpected results  Jump-starting research at a point further along than anticipated  Identifying which countries and people are involved in particular research areas  Understanding how countries deal with energy-related environmental and climate change issues  Contracting party determines ETDEWEB access within its national borders

24 Information Access Impediments/Opportunities New P aradigms Traditional Publishing Traditional Publishing Traditional Publishing versus Open Access Traditional Publishing versus Open Access Traditional Publishing partnered with Open Access Traditional Publishing partnered with Open Access

Thinking of Science as a Public Good…an Argument for Open Access Acknowledgment to: R. Stephen Berry, The University of Chicago The Scholarly Publishing & Academic Resources Coalition

26 Science thrives on two principles! Open access to information Open access to information –Science builds continually by using the information its community generates to move on to produce still more information. Verifiability Verifiability –Scientific knowledge is special because of its reliability and predictive character, which only can be, because scientific results must be verifiable.

27 What is a Public Good? A public good is a good that does not diminish in value with use, and has (almost) no marginal cost for users after the first use. A public good is a good that does not diminish in value with use, and has (almost) no marginal cost for users after the first use. A scientific public good is special insofar as its value increases with use. A scientific public good is special insofar as its value increases with use. Consequently, it is imperative to maximize the use of the information generated by the research, its public good. Consequently, it is imperative to maximize the use of the information generated by the research, its public good.

28 What We Already Know The scientific community and the publishing community had a symbiotic relationship for generations–until the Internet. The scientific community and the publishing community had a symbiotic relationship for generations–until the Internet. The new technology provides scientists with more efficient, sometimes cheaper ways to share, access and archive information. The new technology provides scientists with more efficient, sometimes cheaper ways to share, access and archive information.

29 Scientists and publishers suddenly found themselves with different visions. Scientists and publishers suddenly found themselves with different visions. Scientists saw electronic publication as an improvement over old ways of achieving open access to scientific information. Scientists saw electronic publication as an improvement over old ways of achieving open access to scientific information. Publishers saw such open access as a threat to profitable distribution of information. Publishers saw such open access as a threat to profitable distribution of information.

30 The Similarities and Differences Publishers are motivated by the desire for monetary profit. Publishers are motivated by the desire for monetary profit. Scientists, mostly, are motivated by the desire to distribute their ideas and findings, and, in so doing, to influence the thinking of others. Scientists, mostly, are motivated by the desire to distribute their ideas and findings, and, in so doing, to influence the thinking of others. This makes for two very different kinds of “currency” and of motivation. This makes for two very different kinds of “currency” and of motivation.

31 Inhibiting the dissemination of scientific information necessarily diminishes its value as a public good, whatever private gains may ensue from such inhibition. Inhibiting the dissemination of scientific information necessarily diminishes its value as a public good, whatever private gains may ensue from such inhibition. Refer back to accelerating the diffusion of knowledge can lead to acceleration in scientific advancement! Refer back to accelerating the diffusion of knowledge can lead to acceleration in scientific advancement!

32 But scientists withhold information! Yes, and this is accepted for periods long enough to allow discoverers to explore consequences of their discoveries. Like protection of small businesses, small research groups may be slower to pursue immediate consequences of research, so such protection is quite acceptable. Yes, and this is accepted for periods long enough to allow discoverers to explore consequences of their discoveries. Like protection of small businesses, small research groups may be slower to pursue immediate consequences of research, so such protection is quite acceptable.

33 The Next Steps? We are going through a period of adaptation. The “best” or even the better courses of action are still unclear. We are going through a period of adaptation. The “best” or even the better courses of action are still unclear. Acceptable pathways can only be determined by trying and comparing the options. Acceptable pathways can only be determined by trying and comparing the options.

34 U.S. Government Activities National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Health Department of Energy Department of Energy Legislation Status Legislation Status

35 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Implemented Public Access Policy May 2, 2005 Implemented Public Access Policy May 2, 2005 Requests and strongly encourages all investigators to make their NIH-funded peer- reviewed, author's final manuscript available to other researchers and the public through the NIH National Library of Medicine's (NLM) PubMed Central (PMC) immediately after the final date of journal publication. Requests and strongly encourages all investigators to make their NIH-funded peer- reviewed, author's final manuscript available to other researchers and the public through the NIH National Library of Medicine's (NLM) PubMed Central (PMC) immediately after the final date of journal publication. PubMed Central PubMed Central

36 NIH Support to Authors As an example, the kind of language that an author or institution might add to a copyright agreement includes the following: "Journal acknowledges that Author retains the right to provide a copy of the final manuscript to NIH upon acceptance for Journal publication or thereafter, for public archiving in PubMed Central as soon as possible after publication by Journal."

37 NIH Statistics

38 Department of Energy Workshop Panel Report on Accelerating the Spread of Knowledge About Science and Technology Concluded that “because scientific discovery is a cumulative process, with new knowledge building upon earlier findings, it is imperative that unnecessary barriers to sharing the immediate results of research should be removed.” The Panel “supports and encourages the principle that publicly funded unclassified research should be deposited in stable, freely accessible public archives and made freely available as soon as possible after acceptance for publication.”

39 DOE Laboratories and Open Access Los Alamos National Laboratory encourages researchers to consider publishing in an open access publication for these benefits: Increased dissemination Increased dissemination Articles can be cited sooner Articles can be cited sooner Articles potentially cited more frequently Articles potentially cited more frequently Institutional costs for scholarly publishing are decreased Institutional costs for scholarly publishing are decreased

40 What next with Open Access in the Department of Energy? Monitor efforts of NIH Monitor efforts of NIH Anticipate individual researcher actions Anticipate individual researcher actions Await legislative action Await legislative action

41 Legislation Status Federal Research Public Access Act Federal Research Public Access Act –Introduced May 2, 2006 –Would require 11 agencies to make manuscripts of journal articles publicly and freely available via a digital archive/repository within 6 months after being published in a peer-reviewed journal –Referred to Senate committee

42 May 1, 2007 Resolution in support of the Federal Research Public Access Act of 2006Resolution in support of the Federal Research Public Access Act of 2006 from Trinity University Association of Student Representatives Resolution in support of taxpayer access to federally funded researchResolution in support of taxpayer access to federally funded research from the Association of Students of Oberlin College April 27, 2007 Access For AllAccess For All from Harvard University's student newspaper February 21, 2007 Health Groups Urge Senators to Support On-line Access to Taxpayer Funded Medical Research February 6, 2007 Major society publisher announces support for public access to scientific literature February 1, 2007 Students Rally for Access to Publicly Funded Research Students Rally for Access to Publicly Funded Research Campuses declare “National Day of Action” in support of federal legislation January 30, 2007 Soil scientists renew the call for broader access to publicly funded research Alliance for Taxpayer Access

43 Open Access in the News Science, March 16, 2007, p Minds Closed to Open Access Although fans of the concept, scientists remain reluctant to publish in open-access outlets, a new study suggests. The survey, led by information scientists at Munich University in Germany and the University of Arkansas, Little Rock, found that although two-thirds of 688 respondents— mainly information systems, German literature, and medical scientists from around the world—read open-access literature, only a third chose to publish their work that way. Information scientist Ángel Borrego of Barcelona University in Spain says the survey, published last week, reiterates what others have called a “Jekyll-and-Hyde syndrome” in which scientists behave differently as readers than as authors.–ELISABETH PAIN

44 Sampling of Information Sources forum.amsci.org/archives/American-Scientist- Open-Access-Forum.html forum.amsci.org/archives/American-Scientist- Open-Access-Forum.html

45 Thank you for your time and attention! Contact Information: Karen Spence Assistant Director for Information Systems Office of Scientific and Technical Information U.S. Department of Energy Telephone: Fax: Organization Website: