Chapter 24 / Sections II and III: Pages Imperialism Divides Africa British Imperialism in India This section is about: This section is about: Early European exploration and colonization of Africa. Early European exploration and colonization of Africa. How European nations established “spheres of influence” in Africa How European nations established “spheres of influence” in Africa How India became the most important overseas possession of the British Empire. How India became the most important overseas possession of the British Empire. Why feelings of nationalism grew in the opening years of the twentieth century. Why feelings of nationalism grew in the opening years of the twentieth century.

(We ’ re going through 2 sections at once today) Imperialism in Africa and India Remember what Imperialism means: a process where one nation gets political, social, and economic control over another nation. Remember what Imperialism means: a process where one nation gets political, social, and economic control over another nation. Imperialism in Africa and Asia have some similarities. Imperialism in Africa and Asia have some similarities.

Africa in the Nineteenth Century When Europe first showed an interest in Africa, it was usually about their coastline and their ports (Henry the Navigator). When Europe first showed an interest in Africa, it was usually about their coastline and their ports (Henry the Navigator). In the late 1800 ’ s, British explorer Henry Morton Stanley was given an assignment: to look for Dr. David Livingstone (a Scottish medical missionary). In the late 1800 ’ s, British explorer Henry Morton Stanley was given an assignment: to look for Dr. David Livingstone (a Scottish medical missionary). Livingstone had been exploring Africa and looking for the source of the Nile River. Livingstone had been exploring Africa and looking for the source of the Nile River. He also might have been the first European to see the Kalahari Desert, the Zambezi River, and Victoria Falls. He also might have been the first European to see the Kalahari Desert, the Zambezi River, and Victoria Falls. …………………….. ……………………..

Livingstone died in Africa in 1873 (after spending 30 years there). Livingstone died in Africa in 1873 (after spending 30 years there). H.M. Stanley went back a second time, but was more interested in making a profit. H.M. Stanley went back a second time, but was more interested in making a profit. He made treaties with local chiefs and set up a company to produce raw rubber (in the Congo). He made treaties with local chiefs and set up a company to produce raw rubber (in the Congo). This was the start of using African lands for direct profit. This was the start of using African lands for direct profit. Since Africa had no official kingdoms, boundaries, or frontiers, it seemed like it was open to a new phase of Yankee Imperialism. Since Africa had no official kingdoms, boundaries, or frontiers, it seemed like it was open to a new phase of Yankee Imperialism. Statue commemorating the Congregationalist missionary, explorer of Africa and enemy of slavery who became the popular hero of an entire late-Victorian generation. The statue was proposed in 1874, a year after reports arrived of Livingstone's death in Zambia. He shares the plinth with the lion he shot in Mabotsa. Savaged by the enraged animal before it was brought down by a spear, Livingstone lost the effective use of his left arm which was crushed; but his right arm retains the power to extend the Bible. Livingstone and his tools

Soon, a conference was set up in Europe (The Berlin Conf.). Soon, a conference was set up in Europe (The Berlin Conf.). It was decided any country that had claims along the coast, also could claim the land further in from their ports. It was decided any country that had claims along the coast, also could claim the land further in from their ports. But it was also decided that all nations had the right to conduct business in Africa. But it was also decided that all nations had the right to conduct business in Africa. By 1900, there was soon an explosion of colonies being set up in Africa. By 1900, there was soon an explosion of colonies being set up in Africa. Many of Africa ’ s unique products brought great rewards (ivory, rubber, gold, diamonds, etc…). Many of Africa ’ s unique products brought great rewards (ivory, rubber, gold, diamonds, etc…). Africa became known for it ’ s mystery, the greed of the Europeans, and the growth of imperialism. Africa became known for it ’ s mystery, the greed of the Europeans, and the growth of imperialism.

Egypt was a place with important cotton resources. Egypt was a place with important cotton resources. It became even more important when the Suez Canal was completed in It became even more important when the Suez Canal was completed in Great Britain wanted to control the canal and eventually did, making Egypt a British protectorate. Great Britain wanted to control the canal and eventually did, making Egypt a British protectorate. So the French took over Algeria (next to Egypt – and then Tunisia and Morocco, and then West Africa and then Central Africa). So the French took over Algeria (next to Egypt – and then Tunisia and Morocco, and then West Africa and then Central Africa). France claimed the area as part of the “ sphere of influence. ” France claimed the area as part of the “ sphere of influence. ” France eventually controlled an area of Africa bigger than the size of the U.S. France eventually controlled an area of Africa bigger than the size of the U.S. And, south of the Sahara: well – it ’ s easier just to look at a map. And, south of the Sahara: well – it ’ s easier just to look at a map. ……………………….. ……………………….. European Influence on Africa

Controlling India India ’ s been a “place” throughout history, but had never been very unified: with 16 major languages (hundreds of dialects), people worshipping 6 major religions, and many regional “ states ” each ruled by a separate prince. India ’ s been a “place” throughout history, but had never been very unified: with 16 major languages (hundreds of dialects), people worshipping 6 major religions, and many regional “ states ” each ruled by a separate prince. The Dutch, the Mughals (Akbar), and the British had business there from time to time – the British controlling some of the biggest cities. The Dutch, the Mughals (Akbar), and the British had business there from time to time – the British controlling some of the biggest cities. The British East India Company eventually took control of the area. The British East India Company eventually took control of the area.

The British East India Company started “ doing their own thing ”, so the British sent a “ governor ” to control the area. The British East India Company started “ doing their own thing ”, so the British sent a “ governor ” to control the area. The British continued to expand their control over the area at a time known as “ Raj. ” The British continued to expand their control over the area at a time known as “ Raj. ” The British continued to try and modernize India's infrastructure (communication and transportation), which also helped with coordinating British troop movements). The British continued to try and modernize India's infrastructure (communication and transportation), which also helped with coordinating British troop movements). The British control of India between 1757 and 1947 Lord Canning (1 st )

The Jewel in the Crown India became the largest colonial territory in the world – so big it was even called __________ of the British Empire. India became the largest colonial territory in the world – so big it was even called __________ of the British Empire. But that wasn ’ t going to last. But that wasn ’ t going to last. Many Indians were resentful that a foreign country was controlling them. Many Indians were resentful that a foreign country was controlling them. 80% of the army controlling them were sepoys: native born soldiers. 80% of the army controlling them were sepoys: native born soldiers. These sepoys rebelled when they heard the new bullet cartridges they were using (and had to bite the end off of) were greased up with the fat from cows and pigs. These sepoys rebelled when they heard the new bullet cartridges they were using (and had to bite the end off of) were greased up with the fat from cows and pigs. So? So?

Most Indians are Hindus (cows are sacred and belief in re- incarnation) or Muslims (don ’ t eat pork). Most Indians are Hindus (cows are sacred and belief in re- incarnation) or Muslims (don ’ t eat pork). After a mini-revolution (which the British won), the British decided to take even more control over India. After a mini-revolution (which the British won), the British decided to take even more control over India. Most Indians continued to feel the British didn ’ t belong in India and were holding them back. Most Indians continued to feel the British didn ’ t belong in India and were holding them back. One thing that helped unify the country: the British made English the official language and gave some Indians a chance for a “ western education. ” One thing that helped unify the country: the British made English the official language and gave some Indians a chance for a “ western education. ”

Many Indians were still pushing for independence. Many Indians were still pushing for independence. A group called “ The Indian National Congress ” was formed to discuss the role India and the part Great Britain played. A group called “ The Indian National Congress ” was formed to discuss the role India and the part Great Britain played. They would meet, but were often frustrated because they didn ’ t have the power to make the changes they felt were needed. They would meet, but were often frustrated because they didn ’ t have the power to make the changes they felt were needed. A few years after the Indian national Congress was founded, one Indian went to study law in London. A few years after the Indian national Congress was founded, one Indian went to study law in London. His name: Mohandas K Gandhi. His name: Mohandas K Gandhi. After London, he fought for Civil Rights in South Africa (for 20 years). After London, he fought for Civil Rights in South Africa (for 20 years). He would eventually come back to India and become their greatest spokesperson for Indian independence. He would eventually come back to India and become their greatest spokesperson for Indian independence.