SOCIALISM Smith to Marx From Laissez Faire to Utopia to Reality

SOCIALISM Adam Smith Against mercantilism “invisible hand of the market” “supply and demand” Laissez-faire economics Scottish Wealth of Nations published 1776

SOCIALISM The Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill  He responded to the terrible poverty he saw in the middle of the 18 th c.  The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest number of people  Legislation should be moral  Government intervention is necessary to provide a safety net  Highly influential on later socialist policys social safety ne “The Principles of Morals and Legislation” was published in 1789

SOCIALISM Thomas Malthus  Trained as a minister/worked as a professor of history and economics  Responded to social problems related to the Industrial Revolution--  Population will outpace food supply  War, disease, or famine could control population  Poor should have fewer children  Then food supplies would be sufficient  Advocated later marriage to control birth rate  Mixed feelings about the role of the government in the economy Originally published in 1798

SOCIALISM David Ricardo English (son of Portuguese Jewish immigrants Responded to concerns about wages in factories “The Iron Law of Wages” –When wages are high, workers have more children –Children are excess workers, which depresses wages Advocated free trade and capitalism Ideas were used by Marx to support his own economic theories (irony?) “Theory of Profit” written 1812

SOCIALISM Socialism

SOCIALISM Definition Advocating public ownership of means of production, with work and products shared

SOCIALISM Ideology Wealth was concentrated in few hands Working class was deprived of what was rightfully theirs Social mechanism had to be developed to justly distribute society's wealth

SOCIALISM UTOPIAN SOCIALISM Robert Owen Count de Saint- Simon Charles Fourier Louis Blanc

SOCIALISM Ideology Endorsed productive capacity of industrialism Denounced its mismanagement Organized society as community, not competing individuals –End ruthless, capitalist individualism

SOCIALISM Ideology Society regarded its ideas as too idealistic with little practical application –Little political or social support Failure of revolutions discredited Utopian Socialists

SOCIALISM Robert Owen England/Scotland One of the first socialists and one of the first cotton lords Became crusader for social reform Published “A New View of Society” in 1813 Reacting to the bad working conditions in factories Advocated for a state mandated 8 hour work day—8 hours work, 8 hours recreation, 8 hours rest Highly influential regarding government labor regulations

SOCIALISM Robert Owen Created model community for employees-New Lanark, Scot. –Paid high wages –Reduced working hours –Built schools, housing, & stores Established New Harmony in Indiana ( )

SOCIALISM Count de Saint-Simon France Believed that social hierarchy should be based on productivity Responded to the terrible poverty of the French lower classes Among first exponents of planned society Published many works, including The New Christianity (1825)

SOCIALISM Count de Saint-Simon Advocated public ownership of industrial equipment & other capital –Captains of industry would be in control –Captains plan and coordinate labor and resources of society Saw government as an organizing force of superior thinkers—NOT an advocate of republicanism Highly influential on later Socialist thinker, but ignored during his own lifetime—died in poverty

SOCIALISM Charles Fourier France Coined the term “feminism” and accepted felt non-marital sex/homosexuality Theory of the Four Movements and General Destinies published anonymously in 1808 Felt that poverty was the cause of societal problems, and that people who are paid properly would cooperate and improve society

SOCIALISM Charles Fourier Proposed that society be organized in small units (phalansteries) –Determined there were 810 distinct personality types –Phalanstery would contain 1,620 people (1 male/1 female each) –Each person would do the work suited to his/her natural inclination so crime would end Intentional communities based on his ideas were established in many parts of the United States

SOCIALISM Louis Blanc French journalist Organization of Work (1830) one of the most constructive of early socialist writings Responded to the bad working and living conditions suffered by factory workers

SOCIALISM Louis Blanc Proposed system of “ social workshops ” (state-supported manufacturing centers or co-ops) –Workers work for themselves –No intervention of capitalists Believed government should guarantee workers a job Highly influential on Marx

SOCIALISM SCIENTIFIC SOCIALISM Karl Marx

SOCIALISM Ideology Created by Marx as primary ideology of protest & revolution Communist philosophic system –Founded on inherent goodness of man –Rousseau-influenced position

SOCIALISM Ideology Men are corrupted by artificial institutions (states, churches, etc.) History of humanity is history of class struggle (economics)

SOCIALISM Ideology Believed that society evolved economically—from feudalism to capitalism to communism The age of bourgeois domination of working class (proletariat) –Most severe and oppressive phase of struggle –Would lead to its own destruction

SOCIALISM Ideology The proletariat: –Needed to be educated –Would lead violent revolution & destroy institutions that perpetuate struggle & suppression of majority –Dictatorship of the proletariat would then occur

SOCIALISM Ideology Theory of Surplus Labor –True value of product was labor –Worker received small amount –Capitalist "stole" surplus labor (difference in price and workers ’ pay)

SOCIALISM Karl Marx German philosopher Lived most of his adult life in London Born to Jewish lawyer who had converted to Christianity

SOCIALISM Karl Marx Wrote: –The Communist Manifesto (1848) –Critique of Political Economy (1859) –Das Kapital ( )

SOCIALISM Karl Marx His arguments –Put forth in scientific form –From extensive, accumulated data –Developed in persuasive rhetorical style

SOCIALISM ANARCHISM William Godwin Auguste Blanqui Pierre Proudhon Michael Bakunin

SOCIALISM Definition Situation where there would be no property or authority Attained through enlightened individualism Emerged in early 19th century as consequence of Ind. Rev.

SOCIALISM Auguste Blanqui France Founded a journal—The Country in Danger Wrote L'Eternité par les astres Advocated terrorism to end capitalism and the state Revolution achieved only with small cell of men leading it Inspired later anti-government revolutionaries, including early fascists in Italy

SOCIALISM Pierre Proudhon France Attacked principle of private property because it denied justice to common people Born into terrible poverty—saw it’s negative effects first hand Influenced by Fourier Felt that government in general was bad

SOCIALISM Pierre Proudhon Wrote What is Property? (1840) Stated that: –Change achieved through education –No violence necessary

SOCIALISM SOCIALISM From Utopia to Reality