AIM: How did the Geography of Africa influence the development of civilization? DO NOW: PG 380: VOCAB

List 3 Geographical Features of Africa ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. List 3 Geographical Features of Africa

The Geography of Africa

A Satellite View

Africa’s Size Second largest continent  11,700,000 sq. mi. 4 6 0 0 M I L E S 5 0 0 0 M I L E S Second largest continent  11,700,000 sq. mi. 10% of the world’s population. 2 ½ times the size of the U. S.

Bodies Of Water Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Nile River Niger River L. Chad--> <--Gulf of Aden L. Albert--> Congo River L. Victoria L. Tanganyika-> Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean Zambezi River Limpopo River Orange River Pacific Ocean

The Mighty Nile River: “Longest River in the World”

The Congo River Basin Covers 12% of the continent. Extends over 9 countries. 2,720 miles long. 99% of the country of Zaire is in the Congo River basin.

The Niger River Basin Covers 7.5% of the continent. Extends over 10 countries. 2,600 miles long.

Hydroelectric Power

Mountains & Peaks Atlas Mts. Δ Mt. Kenya Δ Mt. Kilimanjaro Ruwenzori Mts. Drajensburg Mts.

The African Plateau

Libyan Desert Deserts Sahara Desert Sahel Namib Desert Kalahari Desert

The Sahara Desert

Desertification

The Sahel

Valleys & Plains Great Rift Valley

Great Rift Valley 3,000 miles long

Seismic Activity in Africa

Africa: The “Tropical” Continent Tropic of Cancer 20° N Africa: The “Tropical” Continent Equator 0° Tropic of Capricorn 20° S

African Trade Winds

West Africa: Home of our Hurricanes

Vegetation Zones

The African Savannah: 13 million sq. mi.

African Rain Forest Annual rainfall of up to 17 ft. Rapid decomposition (very humid). Covers 37 countries. 15% of the land surface of Africa.

The Complete Topography Of AFRICA Mediterranean Sea Atlas Mts. Libyan Desert The Complete Topography Of AFRICA Tropic of Cancer 20° N Sahara Desert Red Sea Sahel Nile River Niger River L. Chad--> Great Rift Valley <--Gulf of Aden L. Albert--> Equator 0° Δ Mt. Kenya Congo River L. Victoria Δ Mt. Kilimanjaro L. Tanganyika-> Indian Ocean Ruwenzori Mts. Atlantic Ocean Zambezi River Namib Desert Kalahari Desert Limpopo River Tropic of Capricorn 20° S Orange River Drajensburg Mts. Pacific Ocean

Natural Resources

Activity Using pg 381: List the main rivers, mountains and deserts Graphic Organizer on the way of life in Africa

Exit Answer the AIM: How did the geography of Africa influence the development of civilization?

AIM: What shaped daily life in Africa? DO NOW: If you had to describe life in the USA to an outsider, how would you do it?

African Society African Society Urban life Village Life Role of women Slavery

African Culture Painting and Sculpture Music and Dance Architecture Rock paintings, wood carving, pottery, metalwork Music and Dance Often served religious purposes Wide variety of instruments Integration of voice and instrument Music produced for social rituals and educational purposes Architecture Pyramid Stone pillars Stone buildings Sometimes reflected Moorish styles Literature Written works did not exist in the early traditional period Professional storytellers, bards Importance of women in passing down oral traditions

Traditional African Society

1000 different languages; 1000+ different tribes

An African’s “Search for Identity” 1. Nuclear Family 2. Extended Family 3. Age-Set 4. Clan 5. Lineage (ancestry) TRIBE (communal living)

Mask With Headcloth, Zaire (19c) Tribal Mark  scarification

Kisokolo Initiation Costume, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Kisokolo Initiates, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1990

Africa : :: America : Ethnic Group Tribe ?

Traditional Family Structures Nuclear Family: C H W W C C U Cs GP C C Extended Family: C H W W C C GP Cs A

Woman & Child, Kongo

Family Group, Tanzania

Problems of Tribalism Today 1. The tribe is more important than the nation. 2. Communication problems. 3. Inter-tribal warfare  civil wars. 4. Tribal favorites for government jobs: Nepotism Breaks down tribal traditions. Urbanization: Tribal intermingling on the job.

Traditional African Religion ANIMISM 1. Belief in one remote Supreme Being. 2. A world of spirits (good & bad) in all things. 3. Ancestor veneration. 4. Belief in magic, charms, and fetishes. 5. Diviner  mediator between the tribe and God.

African Diviner (Shaman)

World of the Spirits Dogon “Spirit House”

Ancestors

Fetishes

Fetishes

Rubbing Oracle, wood

Common Traits or Characteristics of Traditional African Tribal Life The good of the group comes ahead of the good of the individual. All land is owned by the group. Strong feeling of loyalty to the group. Important ceremonies at different parts of a person’s life. Special age and work associations. Deep respect for ancestors. Religion is an important part of everyday life. Government is in the hands of the chiefs [kings].

Stations Activity Exit: Day in the life

AIM: How did the empire of Ghana emerge in West Africa? DO NOW: What is a kingdom?

The Emergence of States in Africa ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

GHANA

Rich kingdom due to trade and taxes Ghana developed in West Africa between the Niger and the Gambia Rivers. AD300 to about 1100. Rich kingdom due to trade and taxes (DO NOT COPY) The people called their nation Wagadu; we know it as Ghana --that was the word for war chief. http://www.nevadasurveyor.com/africa/web/pages/niger_river.htm

Ghana under the leadership of a great king named Dinga Cisse. *natural resources: salt and gold. *Skilled iron workers DO NOT COPY Ghanaian warriors used iron tipped spears to subdue their neighbors, who fought with weapons made of stone, bone, and wood. http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/center/mm/eng/mm_rs_01.htm

1: Where does this source come from? Is it credible? "The King . . .(wears). . . necklaces round his neck and bracelets on his forearms and he puts on a high cap decorated with gold and wrapped in a turban of fine cotton. He (meets people) in a domed pavilion around which stand ten horses covered with gold-embroidered materials…and on his right, are the sons of the (lesser) kings of his country, wearing splendid garments and their hair plaited with gold. At the door of the pavilion are dogs of excellent pedigree. Round their necks they wear collars of gold and silver, studded with a number of balls of the same metals." This is a primary source that describes the court of one king of Ghana. 1: Where does this source come from? Is it credible? 2: What is your impression of the king of Ghana? 10th century geographer Al-Bakri, quoted in Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History.

Ghana became a rich and powerful nation, *the camel began to be used as a source of transport. Ghana relied on trade and trade was made faster and bigger with the use of the camel. http://es.encarta.msn.com/media_461532998_761558787_-1_1/Caravana_de_camellos.html news.nationalgeographic.com/. ../salt/photo6.html

*This weakened the great civilization of Ghana. *After 700 AD, the religion of Islam began to spread over northern Africa. (SOCIAL) *Muslim warriors came into Ghana and fought with the non-Islamic people there. *This weakened the great civilization of Ghana. *Local warriors then decided to break away from the power of Ghana and form their own local kingdoms. (POLITICAL) *This ended many of the trade networks. This eventually weakened the civilization of Ancient Ghana. (ECONOMIC) Islamic Mosque in Ghana

Activity Ghana Reading and Annotation

Aim: How did the kingdom of Mali transform Africa? DO NOW: Summarize the Kingdom of Ghana in 1-2 sentences

Mali http://www.btsadventures.com/img/mosque.jpg

*The greatest king of Mali was Mansa Musa (1312-1337). *A powerful king named Sundiata ruled this area from around 1230-1255 AD. *He led the people in conquering and expanding his kingdom to be as great as Ghana had been. *The greatest king of Mali was Mansa Musa (1312-1337). *He developed the gold and salt trade of Mali and his kingdom became very powerful and rich. Mansu Musa: Lord of the Negroes of Guinea. (Photo courtesy of History of Africa)

Mansa Musa was a Muslim, meaning he followed the religion of Islam. *He built many beautiful mosques or Islamic temples in western Africa. http://travel.u.nu/pic/ml/djenne.jpg

*In 1324 Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage ( a journey to a holy place) to Mecca, (DO NOT COPY) Mecca is a holy city in Arabia, with 60,000 servants and followers and 80 camels carrying more than 4,000 pounds of gold to be distributed among the poor. Of the 12,000 servants 500 carried a staff of pure gold. This showed his power and wealth to the other people he visited. http://bseleck.bei.t-online.de/timbuktu/img_tim/mansamusag.gif

*Eventually a group of people known as Berbers invaded (political) *When Mansa Musa died there were no kings as powerful as he was to follow. The great kingdom of Mali weakened. (Political) *Eventually a group of people known as Berbers invaded (political) *Although Mali fell, another advanced African kingdom took its place, the kingdom of Songhai. DO NOT COPY The Berbers still live in North Africa. This picture, taken in 1893, shows a Berber group. http://www.uchicago.edu/docs/mp-site/plaisanceplan/graphics/berbers.jpg

Africa produced many great civilizations. the African kingdoms of Mali, Ghana and Songhai were places of advanced learning and great wealth. Strong leaders and vast natural resources helped these cultures rule large areas of northern and western Africa for hundreds of years.

Activity: Mansa Musa Facebook Profile Info Friends Wall

AIM: How did the kingdoms of Songhai and Great Zimbabwe rise in Africa? DO NOW: Mali Reading, define the political (government) economic (financial) and social (people) causes of the fall of Mali

Songhai http://www.exzooberance.com

This map was created in 1375. The same trade routes were used by the merchants of the Songhai kingdom. What kinds of pictures do you see on the map and why do you think the mapmaker put them there? http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Travelers/Catal_AtlasAfrica.jpg

*Great Songhai leader, Sunni Ali *Sunni Ali saw that the kingdom of Mali was weakening and he led his soldiers to conquer the area. *He began the kingdom of Songhai. *He also set up a complex government to rule all the lands he had conquered. http://www.abcorpaffairs.com/gallery/

Silk, Ceramics, Beads, Islam from Europe and Asia All three kingdoms of West Africa relied on trade for their strength and wealth. Major trading cities: Timbuktu, Gao, Jenne Salt Timbuktu Gao Jenne Gold, Ivory, Wood, Slaves Coming into West Africa Coming from Africa and going to Europe and Asia

*His soon took over, denied Islam *Sunni Ali died in 1492 CE. *His soon took over, denied Islam *The people were angry because of his denial of Islam *One of Sunni Ali’s generals, named Muhammad Ture, overthrew the new king and made himself king of Songhai. (POLITICAL) *Ture was a follower of Islam (Muslim) and so he made Islam the religion of his kingdom. This is a photo of a mosque, or place of worship for Muslims, in western Africa. Many mosques were built of local materials. http://www.thewoz.ca/ghana/_larabanga1.jpg

*Songhai remained a rich and strong kingdom under Muhammad Ture’s rule. *It had a complex government centered in the city of Gao, and great centers of learning. *Later rulers were not as powerful. (political) *In the late 1500s, Morocco invaded Songhai to take its rich trade routes. (economic) *Moroccans had a new weapon, the gun, and the army of Songhai did not. This led to the fall of Songhai.

Activity Reading Spread of Islam

? ? ? Songhai ?

AIM: How can we best review the three major kingdoms of Africa? DO NOW: Which kingdom, Ghana, Mali or Songhai was most effective? Why?

The States of West Africa Expansion of Islam has impact on political system Introduction of Arabic for a writing system Ghana Majority of people were farmers Primary reason for Ghana’s growth was gold Trans-Saharan trade with Ghana becomes very important Divine right monarchy assisted by hereditary aristocracy Kings did not convert to Islam, but many of their subjects did Mali Ruinous wars by the twelfth century in Ghana New states of Mali, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, and Hausa states Greatest state was Mali Gold trade Farming in the savanna region Mansa Musa (1312-1337), king, encouraged Islam Timbuktu becomes center of trade, religion and learning

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

States and Stateless Societies in Southern Africa From the basin of the Congo River to the Cape of Good Hope Stateless society Progress made with regional trade Zimbabwe (sacred house) Capital known as Great Zimbabwe Benefited from trade between interior and coast Evidence of great wealth, but Great Zimbabwe abandoned The Khoi and the San (Bushman) people