Scholarly Publishing in Flux: Economic$ Access Use & Use Barbara DeFelice Director, Digital Resources Program Dartmouth College SchCom101 ACRL NEC SchComSIG July 23, 2009 Dartmouth College, Hanover NH

Points Current economic models Cost and Price Limitations on access Open access variations Changing roles: scholars, publishers & librarians Engaging in the conversations-small group exercise using scenarios

gift economy Authors Publisher Readers $ $ Articles Journals Authors Publisher Readers $ $ “payment” comes from other system/s (P&T, grants, prestige, etc.) From Lee Van Orsdel’s “Economics” ACRL SchCom 101

$2023/year

Motivations of scholars/creators Publish or Perish Credit, attribution & visibility Find and build upon previous work Advancement of knowledge, science, medicine & the arts Literacy Others? Motivations of commercial & society publishers Profit for shareholders Funds to run the society Attract authors, editors, reviewers Control content to repackage and resell Invest in technology

Results Libraries Publishers “Inelastic Market” Consolidation Library budgets cannot keep up with price increases Library budgets cannot stretch to purchase or license new kinds of content Libraries Publishers Canceled journals/created new competitive journals Bundled journals/tie print to online Cut book purchases Required multi-year contracts Formed buying consortia Merged & consolidated Fought mergers Raised prices Developed model license to resist restrictions Increased revenue via restrictive licensing Adapted from Lee Van Orsdel’s ACRL SchCom 101 “Economics”

“Sticker Shock” $16,000 Journal of Applied Polymer Science OR 32 heifers for Heifer International See Cornell’s “Sticker Shock” STM journals display Humanities are not immune from “Sticker Shock” $6,6000 for one year of access to Literature Online (LION) after you paid $115,000.00 to own it OR Dartmouth Alumni Trip “Celtic Lands” 12 day cruise $1,238.00 for Russian Literature OR a week in Moscow incl RT flight from Boston

Scholarly Journal Publishing: the Costs Cost Element Percent of costs Refereeing (peer review) 22% Editorial & typesetting (typesetting not needed in e-only journals 33% Physical production & distribution (not needed for e-only journals) 23% Subscription Management (not needed in author pays) 7% Sales & Marketing 13% Promotion to authors 2% Based on table on page 13 of Wellcome 2004 “Costs and Business Models of Scientific Research Publishing

Scholarly STM Journal Publishing STM = $16.1 Billion in revenues in 2006 $5.8 Billion or 36% to 5 publishers Elsevier, Kluwer Health, Springer, ACS, Wiley/Blackwell 10.3 billion to 1900 publishers Total cost/article mid-quality e-journals (40-50% rejection) Author-pays:$1025 1 Subscriber pays: $1425 1 Total cost/article average from Clarke’s Cost Profiles paper: Non-Profit =$730 2 Profit=$3,700 2 Est. 2K revenue per article 1 1 Wellcome Trust 2004 “Costs and Business Models in Scientific Research Publishing” 2 Roger Clarke, The Cost profiles of alternative approaches to journal publishing, First Monday, 2007 Some summary data also from Lee Van Orsdel’s ACRL SchCom 101 “Economics”

cost and quality ratios—not what scholars think 9% $ 62% citations 91% dollars 38% citations

Scholarly Humanities & Social Sciences Journal Publishing New study: "The Future of Scholarly Journals Publishing Among Social Science and Humanities Associations” Average total cost in 2007 to publish an article in one of the eight journals analyzed=$9,994 4 in Humanities 4 in Social Sciences, included in the big for-profits so costs are similar Why? Lower acceptance rates, higher number of pages, 32% of content contributed by paid staff, print production & distribution Humanities Journals Cost Much More to Publish Than Science Periodicals

Scholarly Publishing old thinking Serials Crisis Editor Academic From Lee Van Orsdel’s “Basics” ACRL SchCom 101 Scholarly Publishing old thinking Serials Crisis Editor Academic Library Publisher cost Peer Reviewers budget

* * * * Scholarly Communications System * Serials Crisis editor rewards * * open access Serials Crisis new business models * copyrights editor Academic Library cost budget Publisher Peer Review * grants university taxpayers * OA mandates From Lee Van Orsdel’s “Basics” ACRL SchCom 101

ALPSP Academic journal publishers' policies and practices 3 yr update Open access advocacy has changed policies Pricing models complex & varied Licensing terms better for teaching & learning Authors post their final version BUT not the final accepted version 30% of publishers offer optional open access BUT author pays open access option is not popular From: The Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) key findings from the survey Academic journal publishers’ policies and practices in online publishing, 3rd edition, 2008

Economic Climate Affects IOCLC statement ARL statement Lexis Nexis 0% increase but had a 735M in profit in 2008) Bergstrom et al request for “Big Deal” details

Many Models on Trial Many examples; this one from Sarah Shreeves ACRL SchCom 101 “Openness”

Many examples; this one from Sarah Shreeves ACRL SchCom 101 “Openness”

Open Humanities Press Open Humanities Press journals: fully peer reviewed, scholarly publications that have been chosen by OHP's editorial advisory board for their outstanding contribution to contemporary theory. Univ. Michigan’s Scholarly Publishing Office OHP monographic series in Digital Culture

Like Open Source Enabled by technology Dependent on the gift economy Found both inside and outside of traditional models of software development, scholarship and publishing Supported by a variety of business models

Open Access Right or Wrong? Open access means no copyright Open access is free Open access always means the author pays Open access will destroy peer review Open access will destroy small scholarly society publishers Open access is the answer Adapted from Sarah Shreeves ACRL SchCom101 “Openness”

(self, institutional, disciplinary) ‘green’ Roads to Open Access Some dead-ends? Open access after a while Science after 12 months Univ. Rochester Press 6 months Open Access Publishing (journals & books) ‘gold’ 3920 OA journals in Directory of Open Access Journals Hybrid-subscription author pays OA fee Archiving (self, institutional, disciplinary) ‘green’ For-profit open access BioMedCentral/Springer

Open Access Publishing (‘Gold’) Publication that is free & open for anyone to access Like “Toll Access” peer reviewed journals or edited books except free to the reader Multiple financial models including institution or funder supported OR author-supported (2006 – 47% author supported) Usually allow authors to retain copyright and/or license under creative commons

Open Access Publishing (‘Green’) Literature published through traditional channels that is made openly available through deposit in a repository or placing on web site Institutional, departmental, or discipline based repository Range of publisher policies on deposit Often post-prints (final author manuscript) can be deposited but publisher version cannot Copyright issues murky http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php Discipline based repositories often rooted in cultures used to sharing but faculty use of institutional repositories not strong Questions of authority of pre-print/post-print and multiple versions

Hybrid models Subscription based journals Author can pay to make article open access Publisher Price Notes Elsevier Sponsored Article $3,000 A few journals Oxford Open $1,500 / 3,000 Lower price if institution subscribes; some journals Springer Open Choice All journals Wiley Funded Access Some journals American Chemical Society AuthorChoice As low as $1,000 Lowest price if institution subscribes & have personal membership Plant Physiology $1,000 / Free OA free for members of ASPB From Sarah Shreeves “Openness” ACRL SchCom 101

University Presses Support OA 10 University Press Directors on Free Access to Scholarly Journal Articles: support the dissemination of scholarly research support the free access to scientific, technical, and medical journal articles no later than 12 months after publication support the principle that scholarly research fully funded by governmental entities is a public good support legislation that strengthens this principle oppose legislation designed to weaken it support the archiving and free release of the final, published version of scholarly journal articles will work ….to determine strategies concerning dissemination options Florida, Akron,UPNE, Athabasca, Wayne State, Calgary, Michigan, Rockefeller, Penn State, and Massachusetts University Presses In reaction to the American Association of University Presses, supporting the Conyers bill without consultation

Openness enables: Contribution Participation Broad access without barriers of place or privilege Use & reuse with few or no restrictions New Ideas Knowledge Art Literature Science Medicine How will creators, publishers and librarians create a sustainable future that supports these benefits?

References & Sources ACRL Scholarly Communcation Toolkit Bergstrom, Carl and Ted Bergstrom,2001 and 2006 The economics of scholarly journal publishing, original report & 5 year update Bergstrom, Ted. Papers on Journal Pricing Clarke, Roger. The Cost-Profiles of Alternative Approaches to Journal-Publishing. December 2007 First Monday Cox, John & Laura Cox, Academic journal publishers’ policies and practices in online publishing, 3rd edition 2008, the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) Survey 2008 Journal Cost-Effectiveness Search for price per article or citation Wellcome Trust (2004) Costs and business models in scientific research publishing.

Credits Slide 1: “Open Access” image flickr CC site under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license Slides 3, 10, 12 & 13 : from ACRL Scholarly Communication 101 “Economics” powerpoint talk by Lee Van Orsdel Slide 6: Modified from Scholarly Communication 101 “Economics” powerpoint talk by Lee Van Orsdel Slides 12, 16,19, 21, 22, 23, 24 & 25: modified from ACRL Scholarly Communication 101 powerpoint talk “Openness: Contribute, Access, Use” by Sarah Shreeves Slide 20: “Open Access: Dawn of a New Day” by Gideon Burton, flickr CC site used under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license All slides used under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license

Scholarly Publishing in Flux: Economics, Access & Use by Barbara DeFelice, was developed for ACRL NEC SchCom SIG Scholarly Communications 101 workshop and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License Last updated 7/27/09