Key Concepts and Required Vocabulary Period 1 1491* to 1607 Key Concepts and Required Vocabulary 1/19/2015

**Note: Period 1 will comprise only 5% of the test and will not be used exclusively for a DBQ or Long Essay.

On a North American continent controlled by American Indians, contact among the peoples of Europe, the Americas, and West Africa created a new world.

Key Concept 1.1 Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and each other.

Native Americans I. As settlers migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed quite different and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments. A. The spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico northward into the American Southwest and beyond supported economic development and social diversification among societies in these areas; a mix of foraging and hunting did the same for societies in the Northwest and areas of California.

Example: Chinook Nation of Oregon/Washington. Native Americans Example: Chinook Nation of Oregon/Washington. Known as flatheads because they bound babies heads until their foreheads were flattened Caste system that included an upper class minority (flatheads), worker class, and slaves Adapted to Northwest by fishing and hunting Food was plentiful so they settled in permanent villages

Example: The Sioux Nations of the Plains Native Americans B. Societies responded to the lack of natural resources in the Great Basin and the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles. Example: The Sioux Nations of the Plains Nomadic – survived by hunting and gathering Battled other nations frequently Adapted to use of horses when they were introduced increased frequency of warfare C. In the Northeast and along the Atlantic Seaboard some societies developed a mixed agricultural and hunter–gatherer economy that favored the development of permanent villages. Required terms: • Iroquois, Algonquian

Iroquois Nations of the Northeast (New York and Ontario) Native Americans Iroquois Nations of the Northeast (New York and Ontario) Also known as the 5 tribes Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga, Mohawk, (later joined by Tuscarora) Lived in area for 4,000 years About 1500 created confederation of 5 tribes Organized, complex societies with unwritten constitution, representatives, councils, and veto power Matrilineal society – marriage brought the man to the woman’s family Women had a separate council and could advise the men Women organized a distributed the food, making them very powerful Frequently fought other nations and settlers Major roles in both the French & Indian War and Revolution

Algonquin Nations of Atlantic Coast, St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes Native Americans Algonquin Nations of Atlantic Coast, St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes Included dozens of individual tribes linked by common language Pequot, Powhatan, Shawnee, Miami, Lenape (Delaware), Cheyenne, Fox, Ottawa Built long houses for winter months but moved frequently to follow fish and game Farmed in the summer months but used slash/burn method of clearing land Depleted the soil quickly, forcing them to keep moving Contact with other nations and later the settlers often led to war Massacre at Mystic

Key Concept 1.2 European overseas expansion resulted in the Columbian Exchange, a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic.

I. The arrival of Europeans in the Western Hemisphere in the 15th and 16th centuries triggered extensive demographic and social changes on both sides of the Atlantic. Spanish and Portuguese exploration and conquest of the Americas led to: widespread deadly epidemics (example: smallpox) the emergence of racially mixed populations a caste system defined by an intermixture among Spanish settlers, Africans, and Native Americans. Caste System: European Descent Mestizos – mix of Native America & European Zambo/Sambo – mix of African & Native American

B. Spanish and Portuguese traders reached West Africa and partnered with some African groups to exploit local resources and recruit slave labor for the Americas. C. The introduction of new crops and livestock by the Spanish had far-reaching effects on native settlement patterns, as well as on economic, social, and political development in the Western Hemisphere. Required terms: horses, cows Horses made tribes more mobile, leading to greater conflict Cattle and sheep made some tribes more stable Tobacco, potatoes, corn, and chocolate transformed Europe

Required terms: Sugar, Silver D. In the economies of the Spanish colonies, Indian labor, used in the encomienda system to support plantation-based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources, was gradually replaced by African slavery. Required terms: Sugar, Silver Sugar was brought to the New World by Europeans Climate in Caribbean excellent Requires large labor force Enslaved Indians died of disease, snake-bites, brutality Replaced with African slaves, who were more resistant to diseases Silver was discovered in Latin American countries Dangerous conditions led to the deaths of thousands of Indian/African Slaves

A. European exploration and conquest were fueled by a desire for European expansion into the Western Hemisphere caused intense social/religious, political, and economic competition in Europe and the promotion of empire building. A. European exploration and conquest were fueled by a desire for new sources of wealth, increased power and status, and converts to Christianity. *Gold, Glory, & God Note: European countries that were exploiting the New World were gaining in wealth and prestige at home. Many were developing as true nations for the 1st time.

B. New crops from the Americas stimulated European population growth, while new sources of mineral wealth facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism. C. Improvements in technology and more organized methods for conducting international trade helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas. Required terms: sextant, joint-stock companies

Sextant – (1730) Instrument for measuring distance by reflecting 2 mirrors off of celestial bodies and the horizon; more accurate navigation allowing for more reliable, safe travel, at longer distances Joint-stock companies – Investors pool their money to fund high risk and/or costly enterprises; raises large amounts of capital because it spreads out the risk Note: similar to corporations in that they have stock that can be traded; different in that a corporation is a separate entity, whereas a joint-stock company is an association of members that can be liable

Key Concept 1.3: Contacts among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the worldviews of each group.

I. European overseas expansion and sustained contacts with Africans and American Indians dramatically altered European views of social, political, and economic relationships among and between white and nonwhite peoples. A. With little experience dealing with people who were different from themselves, Spanish and Portuguese explorers poorly understood the native peoples they encountered in the Americas, leading to debates over how American Indians should be treated and how “civilized” these groups were compared to European standards Required terms: Juan de Sepúlveda, Bartolomé de Las Casas

Bartolomé de Las Casas His father traveled to America on Columbus’ 2nd voyage; returned with amassed wealth De Las Casas became a priest and later a bishop but also owned land and slaves in the West Indies Lobbied various kings for a ban on the encomienda system Law of 1542 eventually banned all enslaved labor but there were many exceptions and many of the West Indies natives were already dead Wrote A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, giving valuable insight into life in 16th century Spanish colonies

Spanish priest, philosopher Juan de Sepúlveda Spanish priest, philosopher Debated de la Casas in Spanish court (1550) about the merits of slavery Native Americans were natural slaves and violence was needed to make them be amenable to conversion Often called the father of modern racism

B. Many Europeans developed a belief in white superiority to justify their subjugation of Africans and American Indians, using several different rationales. Note: Prejudice and discrimination are not the same thing; you can have 1 without the other. However, it is easier to justify discrimination to yourself if you are prejudiced.

II. Native peoples and Africans in the Americas strove to maintain their political and cultural autonomy in the face of European challenges to their independence and core beliefs. A. European attempts to change American Indian beliefs and worldviews on basic social issues such as religion, gender roles and the family, and the relationship of people with the natural environment led to American Indian resistance and conflict. Examples: Spanish mission system – enslaved Native Americans throughout the Spanish colonies to ‘convert’ them Juan de Oñate – Conquistador that explored New Mexico & California in search of gold. Dealt harshly with both his own men and Native Americans Pueblo – Group of Indian Nations that inhabited the Southwest. The Pueblo Revolt (Pope’s Revolt) killed 400 Spanish settlers but was eventually halted by the Spanish

In spite of slavery, Africans’ cultural and linguistic adaptations to the Western Hemisphere resulted in varying degrees of cultural preservation and autonomy Required terms: maroon communities in Brazil and the Caribbean, mixing of Christianity and traditional African religions Maroon communities – established by escaped slaves; threat to rule by Spanish, Portuguese, and later the British Mix of religions – African traditional religions mixed with European Christianity and Native American religions to forms dozens of new religions; most famous Santeria of Cuba and Dominican Vudu

The End!