The Human Brain Master Watermark Image:

Part I:

Cerebrum - Cerebrum Cerebellum

Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex - The outermost layer of gray matter making up the superficial aspect of the cerebrum. Gray vs White?

Cerebral Features: Sulci – – Central Sulcus – Fissures – – Longitudinal Fissure – – Transverse Fissure – – Sylvian/Lateral Fissure – Divides the Temporal Lobe from the Frontal and Parietal Lobes Gyri –

Gyri (ridge) Fissure (deep groove) Sulci (groove)

Longitudinal Fissure Transverse Fissure Sylvian/Lateral Fissure Central Sulcus Specific Sulci/Fissures:

Lobes of the Brain (4) Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal

Lobes of the Brain - Frontal The Frontal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Frontal Bone of the skull. (Investigation: Phineas Gage) It plays an integral role in the following functions/actions: Investigation (Phineas Gage) Modified from:

Frontal Lobe - Cortical Regions Orbitofrontal Cortex –Decision making ; also site of frontal lobotomies Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus) – Broca ’ s Area –Located on Left Frontal Lobe. Olfactory Bulb - Cranial Nerve I, FCT: * Desired Effects: - Diminished Rage - Decreased Aggression - Poor Emotional Responses * Possible Side Effects: - Epilepsy - Poor Emotional Responses - Perseveration (Uncontrolled, repetitive actions, gestures, or words)

Primary Motor Cortex/ Precentral Gyrus Broca’s Area Orbitofrontal Cortex Olfactory Bulb Modified from: Regions Investigation (Phineas Gage)

Lobes of the Brain - Parietal Lobe The Parietal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Parietal Bone of the skull. It plays a major role in the following functions/actions: - Modified from:

Parietal Lobe - Cortical Regions Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus) –. Somatosensory Association Cortex - Assists with the integration and interpretation of sensations relative to body position and orientation in space. May assist with visuo-motor coordination. Primary Gustatory Cortex –

Primary Somatosensory Cortex/ Postcentral Gyrus Primary Gustatory Cortex Somatosensory Association Cortex Regions Modified from:

Lobes of the Brain – Occipital Lobe The Occipital Lobe of the Brain is located deep to the Occipital Bone of the Skull. Function: Modified from:

Occipital Lobe – Cortical Regions Primary Visual Cortex – Visual Association Area –

Primary Visual Cortex Visual Association Area Regions Modified from:

Lobes of the Brain – Temporal Lobe The Temporal Lobes are located on the sides of the brain, deep to the Temporal Bones of the skull. They play an integral role in the following functions: - - Modified from:

Temporal Lobe – Cortical Regions Primary Auditory Cortex – Responsible for ______ Primary Olfactory Cortex – (Not visible on the superficial cortex) Wernicke ’ s Area –Located on the Left Temporal Lobe. FCT: - Wernicke ’ s Aphasia – Language comprehension is inhibited. Words and sentences are not clearly understood, and sentence formation may be inhibited or non-sensical.

Primary Auditory Cortex Wernike’s Area Primary Olfactory Cortex (Deep) Conducted from Olfactory Bulb Regions Modified from:

Click the Region to see its Name Korbinian Broadmann - Learn about the man who divided the Cerebral Cortex into 52 distinct regions: Modified from:

Lobes and Structures of the Brain B. A. C. D. E. F. G.

Lobes and Structures of the Brain B. A. (groove) C. (groove) D. E. F. G. B. Frontal Lobe G. Parietal Lobe F. Occipital Lobe D. Temporal Lobe A. Central Sulcus (groove) E. Transverse Fissure C. Sylvian/Lateral Fissure

Cortical Regions A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K.

Cortical Regions A. B. C. D. E.F. G. H. I. J. K. A. Primary Motor Cortex/ Precentral Gyrus B. Broca’s Area C. Orbitofrontal Cortex K. Primary Somatosensory Cortex/ Postcentral Gyrus I. Primary Gustatory Cortex J. Somatosensory Association Cortex G. Primary Visual Cortex H. Visual Association Area E. Primary Auditory Cortex F. Wernike’s Area D. Primary Olfactory Cortex (Deep)

Q: Assuming this comical situation was factually accurate, what Cortical Region of the brain would these doctors be stimulating? Copyright: Gary Larson

Somatosensory Cortex * This graphic representation of the regions of the Somatosensory Cortex and Primary Sensory Cortex is one example of a HOMUNCULUS: Homunculus

Q: What do you notice about the proportions depicted in the aforementioned homunculus? Q: What is meant by depicting these body parts in such outrageous proportions? A: They are not depicted in the same scale representative of the human body. A: These outrageous proportions depict the cortical area devoted to each structure. - Ex: Your hands require many intricate movements and sensations to function properly. This requires a great deal of cortical surface area to control these detailed actions. Your back is quite the opposite, requiring limited cortical area to carry out its actions and functions, or detect sensation. Back-Hom. * Note: Homunculus literally means “ little person, ” and may refer to one whose body shape is governed by the cortical area devoted to that body region.

9.11 The Meninges Dura mater – Arachnoid mater - Pia mater – What is meningitis?

Figure 13.25a CSF - cerebrospinal fluid See video of a

Dura mater is being peeled away in this photo.

Subdural Hematoma

Natgeo Brain Surgery Video Natgeo Brain Surgery Video - removal of tumor CNN Video Showing cognitive tasks during brain surgery as a tumor is removed.

Cerebral Hemispheres - left and right side separated by the.... Corpus Callosum - connects the two hemispheres

Corpus callosum

CEREBELLUM Balance and coordination

Brain Stem - regulates visceral functions (autonomic system)

Hypothalamus –maintains homeostasis such as: Thalamus - relay station Diencephalon has 2 parts.....

Figure 13.4

BRAIN STEM Consists of three parts: MIDBRAIN PONS MEDULLA OBLONGATA

Midbrain – Pons – Medulla – Cerebellum - balance, coordination BrainStem

Pituitary Gland The "master gland" of the endocrine system. It controls hormones.

Midbrain Medulla Oblongata Pons

9. HIPPOCAMPUS Memory is controlled by the HIPPOCAMPUS (“sea horse”; that’s its shape). The hippocampus plays a major role in memories.

10. The LIMBIC SYSTEM The LIMBIC SYSTEM plays a role in ______ also includes olfactory lobes - memory, emotion, and smell are linked. Crayolas are created today with the same scent because it reminds people of their happy times in childhood. Why is the brain formed so that smell and emotions are tied together? Because pheromones are tied to emotions and behavior, so they need the link.

Check out these brain images!brain images

Further Investigation Phineas Gage: Phineas Gage was a railroad worker in the 19th century living in Cavendish, Vermont. One of his jobs was to set off explosive charges in large rock in order to break them into smaller pieces. On one of these instances, the detonation occurred prior to his expectations, resulting in a 42 inch long, 1.2 inch wide, metal rod to be blown right up through his skull and out the top. The rod entered his skull below his left cheek bone and exited after passing through the anterior frontal lobe of his brain. Frontal

Remarkably, Gage never lost consciousness, or quickly regained it (there is still some debate), suffered little to no pain, and was awake and alert when he reached a doctor approximately 45 minutes later. He had a normal pulse and normal vision, and following a short period of rest, returned to work several days later. However, he was not unaffected by this accident. Learn more about Phineas Gage: Frontal

Q: Recalling what you have just learned regarding the frontal lobe, what possible problems or abnormalities may Gage have presented with subsequent to this type of injury (remember the precise location of the rod through his brain)? A: Gage ’ s personality, reasoning, and capacity to understand and follow social norms had been diminished or destroyed. He illustrated little to no interest in hobbies or other involvements that at one time he cared for greatly. ‘ After the accident, Gage became a nasty, vulgar, irresponsible vagrant. His former employer, who regarded him as "the most efficient and capable foreman in their employ previous to his injury," refused to rehire him because he was so different. ’ Q: It is suggested that Gage ’ s injury inspired the development of what at one time was a widely used medical procedure. What might this procedure be, and how does it relate to Gage ’ s injury? A: The frontal lobotomy. This has been used with the intention to diminish aggression and rage in mental patients, but generally results in drastic personality changes, and an inability to relate socially. This procedure is largely frowned upon today, with the development of neurological drugs as treatments. Frontal

Resources Images: Larson, Gary. The Far Side. Phineas Gage: education.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/Gage/Broken_brain1.htmlhttp://science- education.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn/Gage/Broken_brain1.html

Suggested Supplementary Materials: 1.Skeleton Outline for note-taking. 2.Multiple Diagrams of the Human Brain. * Students will label features/lobes * Students will color-code cortical regions 3. Worksheets (matching, short answer, etc.), centered around the functions of the lobes and regions of the cerebrum. 4. A more in depth article on Phineas Gage. Read and discuss as a class - time permitting. Suggested Assessments: 1.Class/individual questioning throughout (especially at the conclusion of) the presentation. 2.Homework worksheets - discussed or collected in class. 3.Students will take a test on the nervous system in which they will be responsible for the structures, lobes, regions, functions, etc.

National Standards: THE BEHAVIOR OF ORGANISMS: Multicellular animals have nervous systems that generate behavior. Nervous systems are formed from specialized cells that conduct signals rapidly through the long cell extensions that make up nerves. The nerve cells communicate with each other by secreting specific excitatory and inhibitory molecules. In sense organs, specialized cells detect light, sound, and specific chemicals and enable animals to monitor what is going on in the world around them. Organisms have behavioral responses to internal changes and to external stimuli. Responses to external stimuli can result from interactions with the organism's own species and others, as well as environmental changes; these responses either can be innate or learned. The broad patterns of behavior exhibited by animals have evolved to ensure reproductive success. Animals often live in unpredictable environments, and so their behavior must be flexible enough to deal with uncertainty and change. Plants also respond to stimuli. Like other aspects of an organism's biology, behaviors have evolved through natural selection. Behaviors often have an adaptive logic when viewed in terms of evolutionary principles. Behavioral biology has implications for humans, as it provides links to psychology, sociology, and anthropology.