© Rainer Bauböck1 Diversity and Integration Rainer Bauböck Austrian Academy of Sciences Research Unit for Institutional Change and European Integration Österreichische Liga für Menschenrechte Working Conference „Migration and Integration“ 14 and 15 March 2003 Vienna, ÖBV

© Rainer Bauböck2 Why „integration“ got a bad name (in some progressive circles) –pretext for stopping immigration –synonym for assimilation –transnational and deterritorialized communities How to rehabilitate „integration“ –multiple meanings: cohesion, federation, inclusion –cultural toleration, accommodation, recognition –political integration in city, state and EU

© Rainer Bauböck3 Integration vs. Immigration? „Integration before new immigration“ –integrate first those who are here –stop first new admissions Does integration require immigration stop? –admission rights independently of integration: EU citizens, refugees, family reunification –family reunification contributes to integration –new temporary and irregular migration

© Rainer Bauböck4 Integration as Assimilation? assimilation - a one-way process –transitivity: making similar or becoming similar? –extent: adaptation of behaviour or transformation of identity? –time scale: individual life-span or intergenerational? –coercive or voluntary? –segmented assimilation as failed integration

© Rainer Bauböck5 Assimilation and Racism

© Rainer Bauböck6 Transnationalism vs. Integration Integration into what? –postnational and globalized societies –deterritorialized migrant communities –migrants not immigrants overlapping memberships –secure residence and rights in two societies two features of political borders –permeability for flows –demarcation of jurisdictions

© Rainer Bauböck7 Multiple Meanings of „Integration“ alternative concepts –France: insertion –US: incorporation –Israel: absorption three meanings of integration –cohesion –federation –inclusion

© Rainer Bauböck8 Asymmetric two-way integration Two-way process, but not always symmetric two aspects of integration –public institutions open for newcomers –newcomers do not set up parallel public institutions cases of non-integration of immigrants –indentured foreign workers –colonial settlers

© Rainer Bauböck9 Toleration, accommodation and recognition

© Rainer Bauböck10 Political integration in the city Greater diversity than nation-states urban destinations and identities for migrants public culture shaped by diversity open borders automatic residential citizenship

© Rainer Bauböck11 Political integration in the state boundaries of nation-states –immigration control –automatic citizenship through birth, but not residence –voting rights generally tied to nationality –public culture shaped by national language and history political integrating of immigrants –immigration rights –equal rights for third country national residents –ius soli, right to naturalization, dual citizenship –public culture reflecting immigration

© Rainer Bauböck12 Political integration in Europe Is national citizenship outdated in EU? direct access to Union citizenship for migrants? should national citizenship be derived from Union citizenship? winning majority support for European integration and for integration of immigrants