Lesson 2 Begin With The End in Mind: Operation Desert Shield 1

Lesson Objectives Understand and be able to discuss the causes, conduct, and consequences (C³) of the Gulf War. Develop a methodology for systematically studying the changes in war over time. Begin to appreciate the impact of technology and logistics on modern war. Establish recognizable end points for the major threads of modern war (weapons, logistics, communications, strategy, and operational art). 2

Operation Desert Storm Preview "The Circle of Modern War" and logo © Thomas D. Pilsch (Not available online)

If you would understand a war … Study the War Before

If you would understand a war … Study the War Before

Operation Desert Storm Study the War Before The War Before: Vietnam

Legacies of Vietnam Vietnam Memorial Veterans Issues Agent Orange Suspension of Draft War Powers Act Weinberger Doctrine

Lessons Learned from Vietnam War Weinberger Doctrine Secretary of Defense under President Reagan "The Uses of Military Power" National Press Club, Washington, D.C. Nov. 28, 1984 Drafted by his military assistant, Brig Gen Colin Powell Caspar W. Weinberger

The United States should not commit forces to combat overseas unless the particular engagement or occasion is deemed vital to our national interest or that of our allies.... Weinberger Doctrine

National Interest 10 National Interest: the collection of issues that support our vision and goals

National Interest National Interest:  The security of the United States, its citizens, and U.S. allies and partners;  A strong, innovative and growing U.S. economy in an open international economic system that promotes opportunity and prosperity;  Respect for universal values at home and around the world; and  An international order advanced by U.S. leadership that promotes peace, security, and opportunity through stronger cooperation to meet global challenges. National Security Strategy of the US, 2010

Vital National Interest 12 Vital National Interests: those issues of such importance over which the nation is willing to go to war

The United States should not commit forces to combat overseas unless the particular engagement or occasion is deemed vital to our national interest or that of our allies.... Weinberger Doctrine If we decide it is necessary to put combat troops into a given situation, we should do so wholeheartedly and with the clear intention of winning...

The United States should not commit forces to combat overseas unless the particular engagement or occasion is deemed vital to our national interest or that of our allies.... If we decide it is necessary to put combat troops into a given situation, we should do so wholeheartedly and with the clear intention of winning.... Weinberger Doctrine If we do decide to commit forces to combat overseas, we should have clearly defined political and military objectives....

The United States should not commit forces to combat overseas unless the particular engagement or occasion is deemed vital to our national interest or that of our allies.... If we decide it is necessary to put combat troops into a given situation, we should do so wholeheartedly and with the clear intention of winning.... If we do decide to commit forces to combat overseas, we should have clearly defined political and military objectives.... Weinberger Doctrine The relationship between our objectives and the forces we have committed -- their size, composition, and disposition -- must be continually reassessed and adjusted if necessary....

The United States should not commit forces to combat overseas unless the particular engagement or occasion is deemed vital to our national interest or that of our allies.... If we decide it is necessary to put combat troops into a given situation, we should do so wholeheartedly and with the clear intention of winning.... If we do decide to commit forces to combat overseas, we should have clearly defined political and military objectives.... The relationship between our objectives and the forces we have committed -- their size, composition, and disposition -- must be continually reassessed and adjusted if necessary.... Weinberger Doctrine Before the United States commits combat forces abroad, there must be some reasonable assurance we will have the support of the American people and their elected representatives in Congress....

The United States should not commit forces to combat overseas unless the particular engagement or occasion is deemed vital to our national interest or that of our allies.... If we decide it is necessary to put combat troops into a given situation, we should do so wholeheartedly and with the clear intention of winning.... If we do decide to commit forces to combat overseas, we should have clearly defined political and military objectives.... The relationship between our objectives and the forces we have committed -- their size, composition, and disposition -- must be continually reassessed and adjusted if necessary.... Before the United States commits combat forces abroad, there must be some reasonable assurance we will have the support of the American people and their elected representatives in Congress.... Weinberger Doctrine The commitment of US forces to combat should be a last resort.

The United States should not commit forces to combat overseas unless the particular engagement or occasion is deemed vital to our national interest or that of our allies.... If we decide it is necessary to put combat troops into a given situation, we should do so wholeheartedly and with the clear intention of winning.... If we do decide to commit forces to combat overseas, we should have clearly defined political and military objectives.... The relationship between our objectives and the forces we have committed -- their size, composition, and disposition -- must be continually reassessed and adjusted if necessary.... Before the United States commits combat forces abroad, there must be some reasonable assurance we will have the support of the American people and their elected representatives in Congress.... The commitment of US forces to combat should be a last resort. Weinberger Doctrine

Thesis The Gulf War (Operation Desert Storm) was the only war in U. S. history where we successfully implemented the lessons of the previous war from the beginning.

Weinberger Doctrine Caspar W. Weinberger

From time to time, when you least expect it, when everyone thinks the world is quiet, someone pulls on Superman’s cape. General Colin Powell, USA Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff NY Times, August 17,

The Middle East US Military Academy, Dept. of History 22

Kuwait 23

Iran Hostage Crisis Timeline of Events Iran-Iraq War 24

Timeline of Events Iraq invades Kuwait, Aug. 2,

Reasons for Invasion Iraqi heavily indebted to Saudi Arabia & Kuwait as a result of Iran-Iraq War Kuwait’s disregard for OPEC oil production quotas severely impacted Iraqi economy Iraq alleged Kuwait was drilling into its oil fields 26

Oilfield Disputes 27

Reasons for Invasion Iraqi heavily indebted to Saudi Arabia & Kuwait as a result of Iran-Iraq War Kuwait’s disregard for OPEC oil production quotas severely impacted Iraqi economy Iraq did not accept Kuwaiti independence Iraq resented the restrictions on access to the sea imposed by Kuwaiti control of the mouth of the Euphrates River Iraq alleged Kuwait was drilling into its oil fields

29 US Unified Commands

US Central Command General Norman Schwarzhoph CINCCENT CJCS Powell President Bush SecDef Cheney OpCon Advice & Resources

Guiding Principles of U.S. Policy The immediate, complete and unconditional withdrawal of of all Iraqi forces from Kuwait National Security Directive 45 US Policy in Response to the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait August 20, 1990 The restoration of Kuwait’s legitimate government to replace the puppet regime installed by Iraq A commitment to the security and stability of the Persian Gulf The protection of the lives of American citizens abroad

Levels of War FM

Runup to Gulf War "The Circle of Modern War" and logo © Thomas D. Pilsch (Not available online: )

Timeline of Events Iraq invades Kuwait, Aug. 2, 1990 Operation Desert Shield begins, Aug. 7 34

Timeline of Events Operation Desert Shield August 7, 1990 – January 16, 1991 Operation Desert Storm Deployment of forces to protect Saudi Arabia January 17, 1991 – February 28, 1991 Use of force to expel Iraq from Kuwait Operation Desert Calm March 1, Redeployment of forces (unofficial)

Operation Desert Shield Mobility Assets Limited 36 Video

Desert Shield Airlift "The Circle of Modern War" and logo © Thomas D. Pilsch Winds of the Storm (YouTube: 1:30-5:12)

Operation Desert Shield General Schwarzkopf’s Deploy fighting forces to defend Saudi Arabia? 38 With limited mobility resources, do you first: Deploy logistics infrastructure to prepare for a bigger fight? or dilemma: decision: Deploy forces to defend Saudi Arabia … and very aggressively!

Operation Desert Shield 39 “Some who questioned our policy in the Gulf felt this deployment was overkill, but General Norman Schwartzkopf had learned from Vietnam the problems of gradual escalation.” Andrew Leyden “Summary of the Gulf War: Operation Desert Shield” Gulf War Debriefing Book Grants Pass, OR: Hellgate Press, 1997 * 22 Feb 1991 Source: The Whirlwind War What was different? Vietnam: 1964 – 1968 (536,100 troops) Gulf War: Aug Jan-Mar 1991 (533,600 troops)*

Main Support Areas Difference from Southeast Asia: Existing infrastructure (ports, airfields, roads)

34 nations* (29 sent forces) Coalition Warfare 956,600 troops Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Honduras, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, The Netherlands, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Korea, Spain, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom and United States. wikipedia * Additionally, Germany & Japan made financial contributions

Nations Contributing Forces Coalition Warfare nationmaster.com

Nations Contributing Forces Coalition Warfare nationmaster.com

Nations Contributing Forces Coalition Warfare nationmaster.com

Timeline of Events Iraq invades Kuwait, Aug. 2, 1990 Operation Desert Shield begins, Aug. 7 First call-up of Selected Reservists to active duty for 90 days, by executive order, Aug. 22

Timeline of Events Iraq invades Kuwait, Aug. 2, 1990 Operation Desert Shield begins, Aug. 7 First call-up of Selected Reservists to active duty for 90 days, by executive order, Aug. 22 Congress authorizes use of force against Iraq Joint Resolution: Senate 52 to 47, House 250 to 183

Timeline of Events Iraq invades Kuwait, Aug. 2, 1990 Operation Desert Shield begins, Aug. 7 First call-up of Selected Reservists to active duty for 90 days, by executive order, Aug. 22 NSD 54, Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf, authorized the use of military force, Jan Congress authorizes use of force against Iraq Joint Resolution: Senate 52 to 47, House 250 to 183

National Security Directive 54 Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf... I hereby authorize military actions designed to bring about Iraqi’s withdraw from Kuwait. This authorization is for the following purposes: National Security Directive 54 January 15,

National Security Directive 54 Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf National Security Directive 54 January 15,

National Security Directive 54 Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf National Security Directive 54 January 15,

National Security Directive 54 Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf National Security Directive 54 January 15,

Timeline of Events Iraq invades Kuwait, Aug. 2, 1990 Operation Desert Shield begins, Aug. 7 Operation Desert Storm air war phase begins, 3 a.m., Jan. 17, 1991 (Jan. 16, 7 p.m. EST) First call-up of Selected Reservists to active duty for 90 days, by executive order, Aug. 22 NSD 54, Responding to Iraqi Aggression in the Gulf, authorized the use of military force, Jan. 15 Congress authorizes use of force against Iraq Joint Resolution: Senate 52 to 47, House 250 to 183

Lesson 3 Begin With The End in Mind: Operation Desert Storm 53

Lesson Objectives Understand how the military conduct of the Gulf War supported the strategic objectives of the conflict. Be able to discuss the impact of technology and logistics on modern war. Establish recognizable end points for the major threads of modern war (weapons, logistics, communications, strategy, and operational art). 54

End 55

56

Coalition Warfare France: Opération Daguet 6e Brigade Légère Blindée (light armored brigade) AMX-30 Main Battle Tank (MBT) 18,000 men Augmented and redesignated Division Daguet 57