Geometric Construction Engineering Graphics Stephen W. Crown Ph.D.

Objective  To review basic terminology and concepts related to geometric forms  To present the use of several geometric tools/methods which help in the understanding and creation of engineering drawings

Overview  Coordinate Systems  Geometric Elements  Mechanical Drawing Tools

Coordinate Systems  Origin (reference point)  2-Dimensional Coordinate System Cartesian (x,y)Cartesian (x,y) Polar (r,  )Polar (r,  )  3-Dimensional Coordinate System Cartesian (x,y,z)Cartesian (x,y,z) Cylindrical (z,r,  )Cylindrical (z,r,  ) Spherical (r,  )Spherical (r,  )

Cartesian Coordinate System  Defined by two/three mutually perpendicular axes which intersect at a common point called the origin x-axisx-axis  horizontal axis  positive to the right of the origin as shown y-axisy-axis  vertical axis  positive above the origin as shown z-axis (added for a 3-D coordinate system)z-axis (added for a 3-D coordinate system)  normal to the xy plane  positive in front of the origin as shown

Review: Right Hand Rule  Your thumb, index finger, and middle finger represent the X, Y, and Z axis respectively.  Point your thumb in the positive axis direction and your fingers wrap in the direction of positive rotation

Polar Coordinate System  The distance from the origin to the point in the xy plane is specified as the radius (r)  The angle measured form the positive x axis is specified as   Positive angles are defined according to the right hand rule  Conversion between Cartesian and polar x=r*cos  y=r*sin x=r*cos  y=r*sin  x^2+y^2=r^2,  tan -1 (y/x)x^2+y^2=r^2,  tan -1 (y/x)

Cylindrical Coordinate System  Same as polar except a z-axis is added which is normal to the xy plane in which angle  is measured  The direction of the positive z-axis is defined by the right hand rule  Useful for describing cylindrical features

Spherical Coordinate System  The distance from the origin is specified as the radius (r)  The angle between the x-axis and the projection of line r on the xy plane is specified as   The angle between line r and the z-axis is specified as   Positive angles of  are defined according to the right hand rule and the sign of  does not affect the results  Conversion between Cartesian and spherical x=r*sin  *cos  y=r *sin  *sin  z= r*cos x=r*sin  *cos  y=r *sin  *sin  z= r*cos 

Redefining Coordinates  Absolute coordinates measured relative to the originmeasured relative to the origin LINE (1,2,1) - (4,4,7)LINE (1,2,1) - (4,4,7)  Relative coordinates measured relative to a previously specified pointmeasured relative to a previously specified point LINE (1,2,1) (1,2,1)  World Coordinate System a stationary referencea stationary reference  User Coordinate System (ucs) change the location of the originchange the location of the origin change the orientation of axeschange the orientation of axes

Geometric Elements  A point  A line  A curve  Planes  Closed 2-D elements  Surfaces  Solids

A Point  Specifies an exact location in space  Dimensionless No heightNo height No widthNo width No depthNo depth

A Line  Has length and direction but no width  All points are collinear  May be infinite At least one point must be specifiedAt least one point must be specified Direction may be specified with a second point or with an angleDirection may be specified with a second point or with an angle  May be finite Defined by two end pointsDefined by two end points Defined by one end point, a length, and directionDefined by one end point, a length, and direction

A Curve  The locus of points along a curve are not collinear  The direction is constantly changing  Single curved lines all points on the curve lie on a single planeall points on the curve lie on a single plane  A regular curve The distance from a fixed point to any point on the curve is a constantThe distance from a fixed point to any point on the curve is a constant Examples: arc and circleExamples: arc and circle

Planes  A two dimensional slice of space  No thickness (2-D)  Any orientation defined by: 3 points3 points 2 parallel lines2 parallel lines a line and a pointa line and a point 2 intersecting lines2 intersecting lines  Appears as a line when the direction of view is parallel to the plane

Closed 2-D Elements (planar) B A  Triangles Three sidesThree sides Equilateral triangle (all sides equal, 60 deg. angles)Equilateral triangle (all sides equal, 60 deg. angles) Isosceles triangle (two sides equal)Isosceles triangle (two sides equal) Right triangle (one angle is 90 degrees)Right triangle (one angle is 90 degrees)  A^2+B^2=C^2 (Pythagorean theorem)  Sin  =A/C  Cos  B/C C 

Closed 2-D Elements (planar)  Circles Radius (R)Radius (R) Diameter (D)Diameter (D) Angle (1 rev = 360 o 0’ 0”)Angle (1 rev = 360 o 0’ 0”) Circumference (2* *R)Circumference (2* *R) TangentTangent ChordChord  A line perpendicular to the midpoint of a chord passes through the center of the circle Concentric circlesConcentric circles D R 

Closed 2-D Elements (planar)  Parallelograms 4 sides4 sides Opposite sides are parallelOpposite sides are parallel Ex. square, rectangle, and rhombusEx. square, rectangle, and rhombus  Regular polygons All sides have equal lengthAll sides have equal length  3 sides: equilateral triangle  4 sides: square  5 sides: pentagon Circumscribed or inscribedCircumscribed or inscribed

Surfaces  Does not have thickness  Two dimensional at every point No massNo mass No volumeNo volume  May be planar  May be used to define the boundary of a 3-D object

Solids Three dimensionalThree dimensional They have a volumeThey have a volume Regular polyhedraRegular polyhedra  Have regular polygons for faces  All faces are the same  Prisms Two equal parallel faces Sides are parallelograms  Pyramids Common intersection point (vertex)  Cones  Cylinders  Spheres

Useful Tools From Mechanical Drawing Techniques  Drawing perpendicular lines (per_)  Drawing parallel lines (offset)  Finding the center of a circle (cen_)  Some difficult problems for someone who completely relies on AutoCAD tools Block with radiusBlock with radius Variable guideVariable guide Offset pipeOffset pipe TransitionTransition