Search for Autonomy through diversification Lula (2003 – 2011) Dilma (2011 – Present)

January 1, 2003 Democratic transition from from Fernando Henrique Cardoso to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Lula)

1979 : founding of the Partido dos Trabalhadores. Upper left is a discussion with Communist Party leaders.

Arrested by Military Police: 1980 Militant Socialist  Child worker on Ford Assembly line  Following injury – educated by Jesuits   Helped to organize 41 day general strike in the industrial suburbs of Sao Paulo

* Celso Amorin – Minister of Foreign Affairs * Stressed use of “soft power”

Soft Power  Ability of a political body to INDIRECTLY influence the behavior or interests of others.  Diplomacy favored over overt force  Amorin increased Brazilian influence in international arena Hard Power  Ability to have power (influence) over other nations through more forceful means/tactics  Associated with “realism” in international politics or “realpolitik,”

 Brazil’s hard power is largely absent in the international spectrum - just as is the case with many other developing nations  This is because international “hard power” players are the more militarily involved nations ◦ Russia (think Georgia conflict), ◦ U.S. (Iran, Afghanistan) ◦ Iran (Hezbollah)  Within Latin America, Brazil’s hard power is more obvious (still not extremely prevalent)

 Use of UNASUR to advance Brazilian politicsl interests in South America  Lula also undermined Chavez’s 5,000 mile gas pipeline plan to connect Venezuela and Brazil and Chavez’s plans for a “Bank of the South”  Brazil dominated U.N. peacekeeping force in Haiti with 1200 troops  Use of MERCOSUR to advance Brazilian economic primacy in South America

Based on shared Objectives & History  Inspired by the Cusco, Brasilia, and Cochabamba Declarations  Determination to build international identity  Unity – to solve shared problems of the region ◦ Catalyst – Bolivian nationalization of Brazilian gas installations  Certain integration will strengthen the rule of law  Unlimited respect and indivisible human rights  Signed: May 23, 2008 – Brasilia

 Strengthen Political Dialogue  Eradicate poverty and overcome inequality  Universal literacy and access to education  Sustainable energy integration  Development of infrastructure  Financial Integration  Protection of Biodiversity  Consolidation of South American identity  Social Security and health services

1. The Council of Heads of State and Government 2. The Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs 3. The Council of Delegates 4. The General Secretariat Above: UNASUR meeting

 Cancun Summit (2003) Brazil assumes key role in negotiation of South-South coalitions  Calculation - National interest requires exploitation of rise of developing countries in foreign affairs  BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China)

 Good personal chemistry between Lula & Obama  Side meeting of BRIC group  Lula blames blue-eyed bankers for crash  Lula throws weight behind new fiscal stimulus  Criticizes immigration policy of developed countries April 2009

Brazil has had limited success when basing economic foreign policy on radical rhetoric and “miraculous” solutions There is no alternative path to development outside the global model Global system is intolerant of management errors. Exchange rates and fiscal policies must be stabilized from one administration to the next Government can make investments in education, health, etc., but macroeconomic policy must constructed to preserve and guarantee stability. Langoni - architect of Lula’s economic foreign policy

Relations with USA: George W. Bush

Dissipation of Negative Image in U.S. Mainstream  Lula visits USA prior to his inauguration  U.S. business community neither hostile nor supportive  AFL-CIO and U.S. leftists supportive  President George W. Bush – successful good will visit to Brazil (2005)  Hardens negotiation position over FTAA  Deepens relations with other “developed countries”: off-balance U.S. influence ◦ MERCOSUL-European Union relationship strengthened

Cultivated good personal relations with Cuba Friendship with Hugo Chavez advances Brazilian interests in South America

Protégé of Lula Served in his cabinet Militant in Workers’ Party (PT) Known as Brazil’s “Iron Lady” for hard bargaining Fought the military dictatorship from as a left-wing guerilla Emerging as a strong leader in her own right

 Foreign service professional  Ambassador to USA during Lula government  Continued expansion of Brazilian influence in South America  More oriented to North Atlantic than his predecessor