Chapter 22 Table of Contents Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Humans and the Environment Table of Contents Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Section 2 Environmental Issues Section 3 Environmental Solutions

Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Objectives Explain the importance of the study of environmental science. Describe Earth’s major layers. Explain the natural functions of the ozone layer and greenhouse effect. Summarize the ways in which biologists measure biodiversity. Discuss the value of biodiversity.

Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers Earth’s geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere are interconnected in many ways. Together, these parts make up the biosphere, the part of the Earth where life exists.

Earth’s Layers, continued Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers, continued Atmosphere Important parts of the atmosphere are greenhouse gases, which trap heat on Earth, and the ozone layer, which shields Earth from UV radiation.

Earth’s Layers, continued Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers, continued Climate and Atmosphere The atmosphere’s ability to trap heat in this way is called the greenhouse effect.

Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 The Greenhouse Effect

Earth’s Layers, continued Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers, continued Hydrosphere A very small portion of the hydrosphere is fresh water, and much of this fresh water is not easily usable.

Earth’s Layers, continued Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers, continued Geosphere The geosphere exchanges materials with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

Earth’s Layers, continued Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers, continued Biosphere The biosphere includes all parts of Earth where life exists.

Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Biodiversity Biodiversity refers to the variety of life found in an area.

Biodiversity, continued Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Biodiversity, continued Measuring Biodiversity Biodiversity can be measured in different ways, including by species richness, species evenness, and genetic diversity.

Biodiversity, continued Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Biodiversity, continued Valuing Biodiversity Biodiversity is valued for various reasons.

Chapter 22 Objectives Section 2 Environmental Issues Describe major consequences of air pollution. Relate air pollution to effects on global climate. Describe how chemical pollutants may undergo the process of biological magnification. Identify the primary causes of modern extinctions. Explain why extinctions and ecosystem disruption are of concern to humans. Relate human resource use to its impacts on ecosystems.

Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Pollution Over a short time period, human activities have affected global ecosystems in ways that harm humans and other species. Human impacts range from local pollution to global change in ecosystems.

Chapter 22 Pollution, continued Ozone Thinning Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Pollution, continued Ozone Thinning Industrial chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) act as catalysts in chemical reactions that break down O3 molecules in the ozone layer. Most countries have banned CFCs, and the ozone layer seems to be recovering.

Ozone “Hole” Over Antarctica Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Ozone “Hole” Over Antarctica

Chapter 22 Ozone and Ecosystems Section 2 Environmental Issues Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 22 Pollution, continued Global Warming Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Pollution, continued Global Warming The correlation of increasing atmospheric CO2 and rising global temperature suggests a cause-and-effect relationship. Considering several types of evidence, many scientists have concluded that increased CO2 levels have caused warmer surface temperatures on Earth.

Chapter 22 Global Warming Section 2 Environmental Issues Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 22 Pollution, continued Acid Precipitation Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Pollution, continued Acid Precipitation Certain air pollutants cause acid precipitation, which harms or kills many organisms.

Chapter 22 Pollution, continued Land and Water Pollution Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Pollution, continued Land and Water Pollution The release of toxic chemicals, such as DDT, into the biosphere can impact ecosystems in many ways, especially when chemicals undergo biological magnification.

Biological Magnification of DDT Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Biological Magnification of DDT

Biological Magnification of Toxins Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Biological Magnification of Toxins Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Ecosystem Disruption, continued Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Ecosystem Disruption, continued Extinction Human impacts on the environment are causing an increasing number of extinctions. Important causes of extinctions are habitat destruction, the transfer of invasive species to new habitats, harvesting, and hunting. This loss of species has both known and unknown effects on ecosystems.

Ecosystem Disruption, continued Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Ecosystem Disruption, continued Ecosystem Imbalances Species such as the sea otter that affect many other species in a community are called keystone species.

Chapter 22 Human Resource Use Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Human Resource Use Current levels of human resource use are probably not sustainable.

World Population Growth Patterns Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 World Population Growth Patterns

Chapter 22 Objectives Section 3 Environmental Solutions State the goals of conservation and restoration biology. Describe examples of efforts to protect species and their habitats. Summarize international strategies for protecting entire ecosystems. Discuss the roles of governments and laws in addressing environmental problems. List several things that individuals can do to help solve environmental problems.

Conservation and Restoration Biology Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Conservation and Restoration Biology Conservation biologists are concerned with identifying and maintaining ecosystems, while restoration biologists are usually involved with repairing badly damaged ecosystems.

Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued Species and Habitats A bioindicator is a species that is especially sensitive to ecological change.

Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued Case Study: Saving the Whooping Crane Populations of many migratory birds, such as the whooping crane, are in decline because of human activities. However, some populations are recovering as a result of legal protection, breeding programs, habitat restoration, and international partnerships.

Protecting Ecosystems Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Protecting Ecosystems Biodiversity Hotspots International and cooperative efforts to preserve habitat and prevent extinctions include identifying biodiversity hotspots, making debt-for-nature swaps, and promoting ecotourism.

Chapter 22 Governments and Laws Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Governments and Laws Environmental problems can be addressed through the efforts of governments and laws.

Private Efforts and Cooperation Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Private Efforts and Cooperation Environmental problems can be addressed through the combined efforts of governments, scientists, businesses, and individuals.

Conservation Case Study: The Everglades Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Conservation Case Study: The Everglades The Everglades restoration project is the most ambitious ecosystem-wide restoration project attempted in the United States.

Your Role in the Environment Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Your Role in the Environment No one can predict our environment’s future, but it is clear that individuals can make a difference in its fate. Thus, it is important for you, as an individual, to understand your role in the environment and to take responsibility for that role.

Chapter 22 Conservation Section 3 Environmental Solutions Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept