Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CHAPTER 38 The Bipolar World 1

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE “KITCHEN DEBATE”  American National Exhibition, 1959  Conflict over Captive Nations resolution passed by Congress  Prelude: debate over horse manure vs. pig manure  Public discord over Communism vs. Capitalism 2

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL  spread world-wide Communism GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan] METHODOLOGIES:  Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]  Arms Race [nuclear escalation]  Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars”  Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BLOCS  Winston Churchill: the “iron curtain”  Division of post-war Germany, especially Berlin  Western powers merge occupation zones  Introduce German Mark  Soviet Blockade of Berlin 4

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Occupied Germany,

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Eastern Bloc

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Post-War Germany

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9 1.Created in 1949 with the capital at Bonn. 2.Its army limited to 12 divisions [275,000]. 3.Konrad Adenauer, a Christian Democrat, was its 1 st President.  Coalition of moderates and conservatives.  Pro-Western foreign policy.  German “economic miracle.” 4. “Father of Modern Germany.” The Federated Republic of Germany

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Clement Attlee, Harry Truman and Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference, July 1945

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  At Potsdam, the three leaders agreed on 5 basic principles:  Germany should remain a single country, but for the time being it would be divided.  Germany must be demilitarized.  The Nazi Party must be outlawed.  German political structure should be rebuilt on a democratic basis.  Individuals responsible for war crimes should be brought to trial.

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. BERLIN AIRLIFT  11 months of air shipments to Berlin, beginning June 1948  Cold war did not go “hot”  Retribution: British/U.S. embargo on Soviet imports  Soviets lift blockade in summer 1949  East Berlin capital of “German Democratic Republic”  Bonn capital of “Federal Republic of Germany” 12

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Berlin Blockade & Airlift ( )

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Berlin Airlift

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CONSTRUCTION OF THE BERLIN WALL  : 3.5 million East Germans flee to west  Especially younger, highly skilled workers  August 1961 construction of wall separating East and West  Symbol of the Cold War 15

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961) Checkpoint Charlie

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Construction of the Berlin Wall

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE ARMS RACE  North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949  Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact), 1955  Nuclear proliferation  End of 60s: Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) 18

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)  United States  Belgium  Britain  Canada  Luxemburg  Netherlands  Norway  Portugal  Denmark  France  Iceland  Italy  1952: Greece & Turkey  1955: West Germany  1983: Spain

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. FLAG OF NATO

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21 Warsaw Pact (1955) } U. S. S. R. } Albania } Bulgaria } Czechoslovakia } East Germany } Hungary } Poland } Rumania

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. BORDERS OF NATO (BLUE) AND WARSAW PACT (RED) STATES

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. DIVISION OF KOREA  Characteristic of Cold War: localized conflicts, “proxy wars”  Korea divided along 38 th parallel after WW II  1948 two Koreas  Republic of Korea (South, capital Seoul)  People’s Democratic Republic of Korea (North, capital Pyongyang) 23

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Korean War: A “Police Action” ( ) Syngman Rhee Kim Il-Sung “Domino Theory”

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. KOREAN WAR  North Korea invades in 1950, captures Seoul  US lands, drives North Koreans back to 38 th parallel, then goes on to capture Pyongyang  Chinese invade, push USA back to 38 th  3 million killed by ceasefire in summer 1953  No peace treaty signed, continued tensions 25

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  After WWII, Korea had been divided, with the Soviets controlling the north and American troops controlling the south.  In the north a communist government led by Kim Il Sung took power. In the south, Syngman Rhee led.  In June of 1950, North Korea invaded the South. The UN spearheaded troops and supplies to stop the invasion. With most of the troops coming from the US, together with South Korea, the north was pushed back.  As US troops approached the Chinese border in North Korea, China became threatened. China sent thousands of troops to help North Korea.  This drove the troops back to the 38th parallel or the division between North and South Korea.

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) of Korea

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Park Geun-hye Kim Jong Un Current Leaders of the Korean Peninsula Aka Lil’ Kim or Psy

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CONTAINMENT  Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO), Asian version of NATO  “Domino Theory” moves Eisenhower to consider nuclear weapon use in Korea 29

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CUBA  Fidel Castro Ruz (1926-), 1959 revolution  Cancels promised elections, expropriates foreign properties, kills or exiles political enemies  US imposes trade embargo  Soviets step in with massive aid, gain foothold off US shores 30

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Khruschev Embraces Castro, 1961

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE BAY OF PIGS  Castro declares undying allegiance to Soviet foreign policy, 1960  Kennedy and CIA send 1,500 Cubans into Bay of Pigs to spur revolution  American Air support does not appear, force destroyed in 3 days  US embarrassment 32

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS  October 1962 Soviets begin assembling missiles in Cuba  Kennedy publicly challenges USSR  Quarantines CUBA  Soviets concede, but US guarantees non-interference with Castro regime  US Secretary of State Dean Rusk: “Eyeball to eyeball, they blinked first” 34

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Cold War,

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CONSUMERISM  Western success with household technologies  US Marshall plan for rebuilding Europe: 13 billion,  Europeans owning cars:  1955: 5 million  1963: 44 million 39

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. ECONOMIC GROWTH AS A RESULT OF THE MARSHALL PLAN

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

A promotional poster for the Marshall Plan

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. INTERNAL US DEVELOPMENTS  Red Scare in USA  Senator Joseph McCarthy ( )  “domestic containment”  Feminism  Women pressured to leave workforce  Betty Friedan (1921-), The Feminist Mystique 43

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT  Irony of American “freedom,” exploited by USSR propaganda  Influence of Gandhi on Martin Luther King Jr. ( )  Gradual successes:  Brown vs. Board of Education, 1954, against school segregation  Rosa Parks, Montgomery Alabama,

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE SPACE RACE  Nonviolent aspect of cold war rivalry  Initial Soviet successes:  1957: Sputnik, first satellite  1961: Yuri Gagarin orbits space’  US sets up NASA, lands Apollo XI on the moon, July

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Arms Race: A “Missile Gap?” } The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in } Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Sputnik I (1957) The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CHALLENGES TO SOVIET HEGEMONY  Rebellions quashed:  Yugoslavia expelled from Soviet bloc, 1948  Tito  Hungary, 1956  Prague Spring, 1968  Brezhnev Doctrine: right to invade any socialist country threatened by elements “hostile to socialism” 49

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Hungarian Revolutionary, 1956

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. “Prague Spring” (1968) Former Czech President, Alexander Dubček ! Communism with a human face!

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. “Prague Spring” Dashed! Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Vaclav Havel—future president of a free Czech Republic ].

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Soviet Tanks Enter Prague, 1968

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA  Civil war between Communists and Nationalists erupts after defeat of Japan  Jiang Jieshi (Chang Kai-shek) forced to retreat to island of Taiwan with Nationalist forces  Takes most of China’s gold reserves  Mao Zedong proclaims People’s Republic of China, 1949  Begins dramatic transformation of Chinese society into Communist mold 54

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Mao tried to unite the majority of peasants behind his belief that it was them who would provide the basis for China’s Communist Revolution.  Mao’s leadership was bolstered by a growing threat from the Japanese and the belief that Chiang should be fighting the Japanese, not other Chinese. Call me Mao Zedong!! (Do it. Now.)

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  The are five main reasons why the Communists were able to win over Chiang’s Nationalists:  Mao won the support of the huge peasant majority by promising them more land.  Mao won the support of women by reforming inequalities of Confucian order.  Mao’s army employed guerilla tactics.  Many viewed the Nationalist government as corrupt.  Many felt that the Nationalists had allowed foreigners to dominate China.

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONS  Power concentrated in Communist Party  Ex-nationalists executed or sent to reform camps  Rapid industrialization under Soviet-style Five-Year Plan, 1955  Massive land redistribution  Collective farms replace private farming  Universal health care, education  Dramatic challenges to gender discrimination 57

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. MAO ZEDONG  People’s Republic of China, 1949  Great Leap Forward, 1958  Communes  Production Quotas

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  In 1966, trying to keep the faith of his supporters, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution.  This was an attempt to rid China of its old customs, habits and thoughts. Chinese poster saying: "Smash the old world / Establish a new world."

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE RED GUARDS

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. BEIJING-MOSCOW RELATIONS  Mutual concern over US rehabilitation of Japan  Beijing recognizes primacy of USSR as Communist leader  Receives military aid in return  Soviet Union principal trading partner  Friction over Moscow’s neutrality in conflict with India over Tibet, claimed by China in 1950  Rift sharpened in 1964 as Khrushchev moves toward peace with US 61

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. D É TENTE  Reduction in hostility between nuclear superpowers  Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (1972, 1979)  Friction in early 1980s over improvement in relations between US and China  Also, USSR intervention in Afghanistan  Earlier US intervention in Vietnam 62

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Vietnam War:

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE US DEFEAT IN VIETNAM  US aids noncommunist Vietnam in south after French departure from territory  US aid increases, reaches 500,000 troops in 1968  Conflict with northern communists ends in stalemate  President Richard Nixon attempts to end war by escalating bombings, extending into Cambodia  US eventually leaves in 1973, war continues until south is defeated in

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Ho Chi Minh

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Ngo Dinh Diem

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. National Chief of Police executes an Viet Cong officer in Saigon during the Tet Offensive.

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Viet Cong base camp after an attack.

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Children flee a South Vietnamese napalm strike

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. SOVIET SETBACKS IN AFGHANISTAN  Afghanistan a Islamic nation, nonaligned until 1978, becomes pro-Soviet through a coup  Radical non-Islamic reforms provoke backlash  Soviet Union intervenes, fights nine-year battle against Afghan mujahideen (Islamic warriors)  CIA supplies them with ground-to-air Stinger missiles  1986 USSR forced to pull out  1994 Taliban takes over after civil war 70

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. COLD WAR COUNTERCULTURAL PROTESTS  Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb  Critique of nuclear power policies  Massive anti-Vietnam protests  Rock and Roll as counterculture  Watergate Scandal ( )  President Nixon orders illegal wiretaps, discovered and forced to resign

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. END OF THE COLD WAR  President Ronald Reagan (in office ) deeply opposes USSR  The “evil empire”  Promotes massive military spending, beyond Soviet economy to keep up  Strategic Defense Initiative (“star wars”)  Forces Soviet Mikhail S. Gorbachev (1931- ) to implement reforms, ultimately brings down the USSR 72

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. REVOLUTIONS IN EASTERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE  Polish trade union Solidarity movement opposes Polish Communist Party rule, forces multiparty elections, 1989  Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania follow  The “Velvet Revolution”  Bloodless revolutions  East Germany decides to open the Berlin Wall  East and West Germany reunite (1990) 73

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. POLAND  Leading up to 1989 in Poland, communist leadership continued to decrease.  International pressure and well as internal nationalism led to the first free election in 50 years.  Solidarity, an independent trade union that called for political change, had their candidate Lech Walesa elected.

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The collapse of the Soviet Union and European communist regimes 76

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION  Reforms under Gorbachev  Economic  Social  Perestroika: “restructuring”  Glasnost: “openness”  Nationalist sentiments, long suppressed, come to the surface  Several non-Russian republics secede, August 1991  Attempted hardliner takeover in Moscow fails, Soviet Union collapses by end of the year 77

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION Leadership of Gorbachev Glasnost Perestroika Economic Problems Freedom Movement in Eastern Europe Causes Effects Formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States Loss of role as superpower End of Cold War Economic Hardships Conflicts b/w pro-communist and pro-democracy groups Minority revolts and civil conflicts