Marxism Key figures: Karl Marx, Lenin, Antonio Gramsci (classic), Robert Cox and Immanuel Wallerstein (modern). Key idea: Economics structures political and social relations. History: After the end of the Cold War, Marxist studies of IR are reinvigorated.

Core Tenets of Marxist Theory Totality Materialist Conception of History Liberal state is oppressive Class is the unit of analysis Action and Emancipation

Orthodox Marxism in World Politics Maximisation of interests through creation of norms. It accepts that the state simply represents the ruling classes (inside-out approach) States accept hegemony because they can then rule over their own proletariats. In the long run, contradictions will bring the whole system down. Liberation in sight.

World System Theory Key Figures: Lenin (classic) and I. Wallerstein (modern). Key Concepts: Core and Periphery. Overarching logic: capitalism drives international politics

World System Theory II Wallerstein introduces the concept of Semi- Periphery. The Hegemon is not the one who has military strength, but the one who has the primacy of productive efficiency. The system is doomed to collapse for 7 reasons.

World System Theory III -Some of the Reasons - Increasing social and economic gap between countries and within countries. Acute environmental problems. Failure if Liberalism as an ideological project. Emergence of anti-systemic forces

Criticism The liberal state is NOT the representative of a small elite. Consensus around norms derives from beliefs not hegemony. Marxism failed as an ideological project. Look at the system not at the domestic structure (Neo-Realism).