Coupled Biogeochemical Cycles William H. Schlesinger Millbrook, New York.

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Presentation transcript:

Coupled Biogeochemical Cycles William H. Schlesinger Millbrook, New York

1. Some basic stoichiometry for life―in biomass First articulated by Liebig (1840) and later advanced by Redfield (1958), Reiners (1986), Sterner and Elser (2002), and Cleveland and Liptzin (2007)

Complementary Models for Ecosystems Reiners, W.A. 1986

?Δ The Global Nitrogen Cycle - Modern <5

IF NPP = 60 x g C/yr 60X g C x 1 N = 1.2 x g N 50 C = 1200 x g N/yr

From: Magnani et al. 2007

Townsend et al Ecological Applications 6(3): Spatial Distribution of the 1990 Carbon Sink Resulting from Fossil-fuel N Deposition between 1845 and 1990

Coupling of biogeochemical cycles, due to: 2.The flow of electrons in the oxidation/reduction reactions― First articulated by Kluyver (1926), and later advanced by Morowitz, Nealson, Falkowski, and many others

Schlesinger, W.H. 1997

Table 1. Matrix of redox reactions via microbial metabolisms as updated and modified from Schlesinger et al (2011).

Mikucki et al. 2009

Coupled Metabolism & The Sulfur Wars Howarth and Teal 1979 report 75 moles/m 2 of sulfate reduction annually 2H + + SO 4 = + 2CH 2 O2CO 2 + H 2 S + 2H 2 O implies 150 moles of C is oxidized 150 mols C= 1800 g C/m 2 /yr Howes et al NPP nowhere near that high!

?Δ The Global Nitrogen Cycle - Modern <5

Denitrification 5CH 2 O + 4H + + 4NO 3 - → 2N 2 + 5CO 2 + 7H 2 0 Intermediates include NO and N 2 O

Hirsch et al. 2006

∆ N 2 0 = TOTAL N 2 0 __________________ N 2 + N 2 0

Schlesinger 2009

Calculation of change in denitrification from N 2 O 124 Tg (0.37) Tg (0.082) = 234 Tg (0.246) 4 TgN 2 O/yr / 0.25 = 17 TgN/yr

The Global Nitrogen Cycle - Modern <5 Land-sea Transport 48

3. Coupling of biogeochemical cycles to carbon through chelation

Fig. 2. The fractional amount of Pb loss calculated over the study period is significantly correlated with the thickness (cm) of the forest floor at each site. A logarithmic fit to these data give r 2 = Kaste et al

Principles of coupled biogeochemical cycles apply to geo-engineering

For example, if we wanted to sequester a billion metric tons of C in the oceans by enhancing NPP with Fe fertilization Current marine NPP = 50 x g C/yr F-ratio of 0.15 means that 7.5 x g C/yr sinks through the thermocline An additional 1 x g C/yr sinking would require ~7 x g C/yr additional NPP, so 7 x g C x 23 x Fe/C = 1.6 x g Fe (Lab uptake), or x 6 x = 4.2 x (Field observation) Buesseler & Boyd (2003) Versus, the global production of Fe annually (1900 x g Fe/yr)

For example, to provide a sink for 1 x gC/yr in the world’s soils by fertilizing them: Current terrestrial NPP = 50 x g C/yr Preservation ratio of 0.008; i.e., global NEP – 0.4 g C/yr (Schlesinger 1990) To store an additional 1.0 x g C in soils would require adding 125 x g C/yr to terrestrial NPP 125 x g C/yr x 1 N/50 C = 2.5 x g N as fertilizer each year 2.5 x g g C released as CO 2 per g N = 2.14 x g C/yr released in fertilizer production

The Global Phosphorus Cycle

Natural Biogeochemical Cycle in Surface Biosphere (terrestrial & oceanic) ElementFlux (10 12 g/yr)Biospheric Flux/Sedimentary Flux C N P S Cl Ca Fe405.3 Cu Hg

Comparison of Biogeochemical Cycle to Anthropogenic Cycle (Flux in g/yr) ElementBiospheric FluxAnthropogenic FluxAnthro/SedimentaryAnthro/Biospheric C N P S Cl Ca Fe Cu Hg

My final message today: There is an increasing role for biogeochemists to contribute to the understanding and fruitful solutions to global environmental problems.