NationalismNationalism

Cultural Nationalism p A well-defined American literature  Washington Irving  James Fenimore Cooper The Sketch Book, “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” Wyeth painting of The Last Of the Mohicans

Cultural Nationalism p Education à The “Virtuous Citizen” p An American form of English p Noah Webster

The Second “Great Awakening:” Revivalist Meeting

Charles G. Finney The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation. “soul-shaking” conversion

The “Benevolent Empire”

“Burned-Over” District in Upstate New York

American Bible Society Founded in 1816

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Actually invented by a slave!

The Tariff of 1816 After Treaty of Ghent 1814 British dump cheap goods on American markets Baby American industries want protection Nationalist Congress takes strongest stance ever with The Tariff of 1816 protection not revenue 20%- 25% strongly protective trend which Americans like

The American System By Henry Clay The American System By Henry Clay Nationalistic trend to developing profitable home market 1.Strong banking system 2.Protective tariffs 3.Network of roads, canals - esp through Ohio Valley Knit country together - especially road poor west James Madison refuses to let Congress use tariff money to pay for roads; thinks it is unconstitutional. It falls to the states to pay Jeffersonian Republicans didn’t like loose constructionism on direct federal support of intrastate infrastructure; that would just drain people away to other states making home states weaker

First Turnpike Lancaster, PA (1790) By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

Westward ho! Through the Cumberland Gap – a narrow passage through the Appalachians near where KY, TN, and VA meet “The Wilderness Road” becomes a major route for migration –Daniel Boone led the clearing of a road from VA to KY Population of Ohio: 1800: 45, : 231,000

Cumberland “National Road,” 1811

Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

Yankee Clipper Ships

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat The Clermont

Erie Canal System

The Erie Canal, 1820s

The American System WEST  got roads, canals, and federal aide. p WEST  got roads, canals, and federal aide. p EAST  got the backing of protective tariffs from the West. p SOUTH  ??

ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS Presidency won by another Virginian James Monroe - vanquished Federalists - merges Founding Fathers and new nationalism - sober administration - Era of Good Feelings - even southerner in New England Troubles loom 1. tariff 2. Bank 3. Internal improvements 4. Sale of public lands 5. Sectionalism over slavery

The Election of 1816

James Monroe [ ]

The Panic of 1819 CAUSES???

Panic of paralyzing economic panic - debtors prisons - nat’l financial crisis - overspeculation on Western lands - Bank of U.S. forced speculative “wildcat” western banks to foreclose on farms - western debtor saw the Bank of U.S. as “evil” - furor in social world as poor become visibly poorer

The West & the NW:

Foreign Policy Under James Monroe Secretary of State: John Quincy Adams Treaty of permitted Americans to share Newfoundland fisheries w/ Canada - fixed vague northern La. Limits at 49th parallel - fix 10 yr joint occupation of Oregon

The Convention of 1818

Foreign Policy Under James Monroe Secretary of State: John Quincy Adams Florida Purchase Treaty - Adams-Onis Treaty - Andrew Jackson took time to subdue those rebelling, threatening Seminole Indians in Spanish Florida. - Spain busy elsewhere - Spain ceded Florida, claims to Oregon in exchange for Texas

John Quincy Adams: John Quincy Adams: A bulldog among spaniels!

Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819

US Population Density

The Tallmadge Amendment p All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at the age of 25. p Passed by the House, not in the Senate. p The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block it in the Senate.

The Compromise of 1820: A Firebell in the Night!

The Missouri Compromise Brokered by Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser) 1.Missouri admitted as slave state 2.Maine admitted as free state 3.Rest of Louisiana territory north of latitude 36 30, slavery was prohibited

Election of 1820 With the Panic of 1819 and the Tallmadge Amendment and the Missouri Compromise it seems the Era of Good Feelings has gone flat…. But smooth-spoken James Monroe is elected again

The Election of 1820

The Monroe Doctrine, What would the US do if the warning was not headed? Monroe Doctrine 2.What warning is given to the European countries? 1.What foreign policy principles are established? p Referred to as America’s Self-Defense Doctrine.

Monroe Doctrine - Restoration of European monarchies after Napoleon’s fall worried American in Western hemisphere -Russia’s presence in Alaska worries British and Americans - should they work together? - Secretary of State John Adams brilliantly engineers Monroe Doctrine - President James Monroe delivers the Monroe Doctrine - the ultimate nationalistic command - “STAY OUT OF OUR BACKYARD”

JOHN MARSHALL’S SUPREME COURT

Fletcher v. Peck In a case involving land fraud in Ga., Marshall concluded that a state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract. This is the first the Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional and invalid. (Remember in Marbury v Madison it was a federal law that had been ruled unconstitutional. Martin v. Hunter’s Lease SC est. the principle that it had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights Dartmouth College v. Woodward This case involved a law of New Hampshire that changed Dartmouth College from a privately chartered college into a public institution. The Marshall Court struck down the state law as unconstitutional, arguing that a contract for a private corporation could no be altered by the same. McCulloch v Maryland Did Congress have the power to create a bank even if no clause in the Constitution mentioned a bank? Could a state place a tax on a federally owned bank? Md. Tried to collect from the 2nd Bank of the US. Marshall ruled that the federal gov’t had the implied power to create the bank. Furthermore, a state could not tax a federal institution because, “the power to tax is the power to destroy” and that federal laws are supreme over state laws Cohens v Virginia In Va, the Cohens were convicted of selling Washington DC lottery tickets authorized by Congress. Marshall and the Court upheld the conviction. More important, this case established the principle that the Supreme Court could review a state court’s decision involving any of the powers of the federal gov’t Gibbons v Ogden Could the state of NY grant a monopoly to a steamboat company if that action conflicted with a charter authorized by Congress? In ruling that the NY monopoly was unconstitutional, Marshall est. the federal gov’t’s broad control of interstate commerce.

The Election of 1824: The “Corrupt Bargain”

CandidatePopular Vote Electoral Vote Andrew Jackson43%99 J.Q. Adams31%32 William Crawford 13%41 Henry Clay13%37