America’s Second War for Independence

“On to Canada, on to Canada”  Militarily unprepared  Canada was a focus because the British army was weakest there.  Offensive strategy was poorly conceived  Best strategy—capture Montreal  America strategy—3 pronged 1. Detroit 2. Niagara 3. Lake Champlain

The Battle of the Great Lakes  Oliver Hazard Perry—built a fleet of green-timbered ships on the shores of Lake Erie  “We have met the enemy and they are ours.”  Battle of the Thames—British defeated by General Harrison in October 1813  By 1814, Americans were grimly defending own soil

Washington Burned  August 1814  4,000 Br. troops scattered some 6,000 militiamen  Burned the capitol and the White House

Fort McHenry and Francis Scott Key  Br. forces hammered Ft. McHenry  American stood strong  Br. fail to capture it

New Orleans  Force led by Andrew Jackson consisting of pirates, Frenchmen, men from KY, TN, and LA.  British launched a frontal assault—BIG MISTAKE  January 8, 1815—Br. lost 2,000 in 30” Major victory for the Americans z0 z0

Treaty of Ghent  Officially ended the War of 1812  December 24, 1814  Armistice No mention of grievances “Not one inch of territory ceded or lost.”

RESULTS OF WAR OF 1812 Results of the war included:  End of the Federalist Party (opposed war)  Encouraged industries in U.S.  Rise in nationalism/American independence Despite the burning of the President’s mansion, the U.S. emerged strong

Federalist Grievances  Hartford Convention 26 delegates from NE states met to discuss issues  Results: Demanded $ assistance from DC for lost trade Const. amend. Requiring 2/3 vote in Congress before embargo, new states, or declaration of war.

Other Federalist demands  Abolish 3/5 clause  Single term for presidents  Prohibit the election of 2 successive presidents from the same state Aimed at the “Virginia Dynasty”  Utter failure in wake of Battle of New Orleans  End of Federalist Party

Clay’s “American System”  Markets were flooded with cheap British goods, hurting American industries  Tariff of 1816—established the first protective tariff in US history  American System—economic system proposed by Henry Clay 1. strong banking system 2. protective tariff 3. roads and canals

Road blocks of the American System  Federal government voted in 1817 to give $1.5 million to the states for internal improvements Vetoed by Madison NE strongly opposed the building of a road because it would drain away population and create competing states

The Era of Good Feelings?  James Monroe was elected president in 1816 by the Republicans.  One-party rule  Sectional tensions increase, conflict over slavery, internal improvements and the economy caused issues

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE  In 1818 settlers in Missouri applied for statehood  Northerners and Southerners disagreed on whether Missouri should be admitted as a “free” state  Henry Clay organized a compromise. HENRY CLAY: THE GREAT COMPROMISER

MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820

Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida  1818—Anglo- American Convention with Britain Provided for a 10 year joint occupation of Oregon  1819—Adams-Onis Treaty Spain ceded Florida to America

THE MONROE DOCTRINE  In the early 19 th Century, various European countries hinted at increased colonization  In his 1823 address to Congress, Monroe made it clear to Europe: Don’t interfere with Western Hemisphere

What idea does this political cartoon convey?