Lecture 15 History of English Literature COMSATS Virtual Islamabad The Romantic Age Conti.

Outline of the Lecture Romantic age poets (Conti.) John Keats Prose- Writers Novelists Their Eminent Works

JOHN KEATS

LOGO Life John Keats, one of the greatest English poets and a major figure in the Romantic movement, was born in 1795 in Moorefield, London. His father died when he was eight and his mother when he was 14; these sad circumstances drew him particularly close to his two brothers, George and Tom, and his sister Fanny.

LOGO Keats was well educated at a school in Enfield, where he began a translation of Virgil's Aeneid. In 1810 he was apprenticed to an apothecary-surgeon. His first attempts at writing poetry date from about 1814, and include an `Imitation' of the Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser.

LOGO In 1815 he left his apprenticeship and became a student at Guy's Hospital, London; one year later, he abandoned the profession of medicine for poetry.

LOGO Keats' first volume of poems was published in It attracted some good reviews, but these were followed by the first of several harsh attacks by the influential Blackwood's Magazine. Undeterred, he pressed on with his poem `Endymion', which was published in the spring of the following year.

LOGO Keats toured the north of England and Scotland in the summer of 1818, returning home to nurse his brother Tom, who was ill with tuberculosis. After Tom's death in December he moved into a friend's house in Hampstead, now known as Keats House.

LOGO There he met and fell deeply in love with a young neighbour, Fanny Brawne. During the following year, despite ill health and financial problems, he wrote an astonishing amount of poetry, including `The Eve of St Agnes', 'La Belle Dame sans Merci', `Ode to a Nightingale' and `To Autumn'.

LOGO His second volume of poems appeared in July 1820; soon afterwards, by now very ill with tuberculosis, he set off with a friend to Italy, where he died the following February.

LOGO Keats and his friend Joseph Severn arrived in Rome, after an arduous journey, in November They found lodgings in a house near the Spanish Steps. Keats rallied a little at first, and was able to take gentle walks and rides, but by early December he was confined to bed, extremely ill with a high fever.

LOGO Severn nursed him devotedly throughout the next few distressing and painful weeks. Keats died peacefully, clasping his friend's hand, on 23 February 1821.

LOGO Here lies one whose name was writ in water 〈 The Grave of Keats 〉 Where young grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies 〈 Ode to a Nightingale 〉

Keats Works Ode to a Nightingale Ode to a Grecian Urn Ode to Melancholy The Poems Three narratives Isabella The Eve of St. Agnes and Lamia Hyperion La Belle Dame Sans Merci

William Hazlitt Thomas De Quincey Charles Lamb The Romantic prose writers

William Hazlitt a literary critic two major works of criticism Lectures on the English Poets The English Comic Writers Less didactic than his 18th-century counterparts

William Hazlitt He had a passionate interest in literature but was not above allowing his radical political convictions and personal bias to color his criticism. What he enjoyed, he wrote about with enthusiasm and directness; what he disliked, he condemned. He states that the essays are an attempt “to recollect all I have ever observed or thought upon a subject and to express it as nearly as I can.”

Thomas De Quincey Confessions of an English Opium Eater a powerful and imaginative book His subjects are taken from personal experience, politics, history, and literature.

Thomas De Quincey De Quincey advocated “impassioned prose,” elaborate and musical. Attempting to penetrate beneath the surface of things, he advocated a style which would extend the range of prose into the realm of poetry. The display of great learning, the sprinkling of classical allusions, the seemingly illogical digressions can, at times, make his writing ponderous and weighty.

Charles Lamb He gives his own acute and wry observations in graceful, flowing sentences which meander with the charm of fine conversation, the result of a subtle craftsmanship characterized by urbanity and good taste.

Charles Lamb nostalgic and wistful in Dream Children lively and humorous in A Dissertation Upon Roast Pig a gentle person, sympathetic to mankind, but amused by the contradiction and follies of people, including himself

Under the mask of Elia, Lamb indulges in the most characteristic of Romantic tendencies — personal memoirs, reminiscences of past life. Time and again in the essays Lamb returns to the world of childhood, weaving autobiographical details and fanciful imaginings into a reality of its own. He is more concerned with creating a mood and with evoking a response. To do this he uses the rambling, ornate style more typical of the seventeen century than of his own age. His is a style not often imitated well. However, his wry observations of London and his cherished recollections of past days are models for the personal essay. Essays of Elia

Terje Kissa Keirin Miilmaa C.R.Jacobson Gymnasium Supervisors:M.Maasen T.Pukk Viljandi 2002 Novelists in the Romantic Period

Terje Kissa Keirin Miilmaa C.R.Jacobson Gymnasium Supervisors:M.Maasen T.Pukk Viljandi 2002 Jane Austen

Jane Austen’s biography Was born in 1775 in Hampshire in England She was the seventh child out of eight In 1783 she moved to Southampton she went to Abbey boarding school 1782 and 1784 plays were staged by the Austen family In 1801 she and her family moved to Bath where the most productive work was done She died in Winchester in 1817, aged 41.

Jane Austen’s Writings Northanger Abbey Sense and Sensibility Pride & Prejudice Mansfield Park Persuasion Emma Juvenilia Love and Friendship Lady Susan The Watsons Sanditon

The Pride &Prejudice Published in 1813 A love story This is wittiest of Jane Austen's novel

The Plot A love story between Miss Elizabeth and Mr.Darcy

Themes in “Pride& Prejudice” Interrupting characters such as Mr.Collins Hidden emotions Differences between families Initial misunderstandings

The Characters Mr.Bennet Jane Elizabeth Mary, Kitty Lydia Bingley Louisa Hurst Caroline Mr. Collins Old Mr. Darcy Lady Ann Darcy Mr. Darcy Georgiana Darcy Lady Catherine Colonel Fitzwilliam Mr. Gardiner Mrs. Gardine Sir William Lady Lucas Old Mr. Wickham Wickham

Mr.Darcy Very proud Rich Educated Haughty

Miss Elizabeth Lively With quick wit Young Beautiful Proud Intelligent Loyal

The Mansfield Park Published in 1814 Solemn and moralistic novel A classic story of adultery

The Plot The story of Fanny Price A strong friendship between Fanny and her cousin Edmund

Miss Fanny Poor Vulnarable Beautiful Young Good principles

Mr.Edmund Wealthy Caring Helpful Kindhearted

Sense and Sensibility Published in 1797 The first of Jane Austen's novels to be published A love story

Characters John Dashwood Mr Dashwood Fanny Dashwood Marianne Dashwood Elinor Dashwood Mrs. Dashwood Edward Ferrars Margaret Dashwood Mrs. Jennings Sir John Middleton Thomas Betsy Colonel Brandon John Willoughby Curate Charlotte Palmer Lucy Steele Pigeon Maid to Mrs. Jennings Miss Grey

The Plot Lost money Love Learning to balance sense and sensibility to find happiness in love.

Jane Austen’s Museum In this house used to lived Jane and her sister Cassandra In this house she wrote and revised her famous novels In 1949 the house was opened as the museum The museum contains her memorabilia and artefacts

The Summary Jane Austen was one of the greatest women writers of the 19th century. In her novels the characters are similar to her brothers and sisters Many famous films have been made based on her novels such as “Pride& Prejudice” and “Mansfield Park”

Sir Walter Scott Scottish Novelist and Poet

Early Life was born August in College Wynd, in Old Town of Edinburgh to a solicitor Caught polio and survived however he lost use of his right leg Sent to Sandyknowe, his grandparents farm, in order to restore his health Taught to read by his aunt Jenny, who influenced the speech patterns and tales/legends which he used in later works given private tutoring in arithmetic and writing by James Mitchell attended grammar school in Sandyknowe and met James Ballantyne who later became his business partner Nov. 1783,at age 12, started studying at the University of Edinburgh Began an apprenticeship with his fathers office Later became a lawyer in Edinburgh

Sir Walter Scott Smailholm Tower “Oh what a tangled web we weave, When first we practice to deceive!”

Writing Influence ◊ Work is influenced by the 18 th century Enlightenment ◊ His work is popular throughout Europe during his time period ◊ Believed every human was practically decent regardless of class, religion, politics and ancestry ◊ Major theme in historical works is tolerance ◊ Waverley novels express belief in need for social progress ◊ First novelist to portray peasants realistically and equal to merchants, kings and soldiers ◊ Central theme of many novels were conflicts between opposing cultures

Start of Literary Career Began to write at 25 by translating works from German Became an ardent volunteer in yeomanry where he met and later married Margaret Charlotte Charpentier in 1791 Had five children together Invested in money over time through various jobs and events like being a lawyer, sheriff-deputy, wife’s income, inheritance and from writing Founded a printing press with his poetry Succeeded in publishing numbers of poems over the next ten years

Famous Works Novels  Waverley*  Guy Mannering  The Antiquary  Rob Roy  Ivanhoe  Kenilworth  The Pirate  The Fortunes of Nigel  Peveril of Peak  Quentin Duward  Redgauntlet  Tales of Crusaders  Woodstock  Chronicles of Canongate 2 nd Series  Anne of Geirstein Poems  William and Helen  The Minstrelsy of the Scottish border*  Marmion*  The Lay of the Minstrel*  The lady of the lake*  The vision of Donald Roderick  Bonnie Dundee*  Harold the Dauntless  The Lord of the Isles  Rokeby  The Field of Waterloo  The Bridal of Triermain

Famous Works (conti.) Short Stories  Chronicles of the canongate 1 st series: The Highland Widow, The Two Drovers and the Surgeon’s Daughter.  The keepsake stories: My Aunt Margaret’s Mirror, The Tapestried Chamber and Death of the Laird’s Jock Tales Of My Landlord:  1 st Series, The Black Dwarf and Old Mortality  2 nd Series,The Heart of Midlothian  3 rd Series, The bride of Lammermoor and A legend of Montrose  4 th Series,Count Robert of Pairs and Castle Dangerous Tales From Benedictine Sources  The Abbot  The Monastery

Novel Life Waverley and other to follow within the first five years all followed Scottish historical setting Always published novels under the name Author of Waverley or as “the Tales of…” with no author many years passed and when he could finally come out in the open he chose to remain hidden and used the name The Wizard of the North When he published ivanhoe he steered away from Scottish history to English romance in 12 th -century. Wrote several books which were sympathetic towards Jews- were written around the time of the Emancipation of Jews in England. As his fame grew he was granted title of the baronet, which became Sir Walter Scott He included little punctuation in his drafts and mostly left them for the printers to supply

Around 1825 started to go bankrupt, his company almost collapses Instead of declaring bankruptcy he traded in his house and income to his creditors hoping to get out of debt He kept writing and publishing fiction until he died in Abbotsford in 1832 Was buried in Dryburgh Abbey Abbotsford House was a farmhouse which was developed into an enriched palace that Scott bought over time costing him over £25,000 He essentially invented the modern historical novel Influence the Edinburgh's central railway station now called Waverley Station He contributed to the reinvention of Scottish culture His novels followed the rehabilitating of public perception instead of following southern distrust of hill bandits

References A Critical History of English Literature by David Daiches A Critical History of English Literature by Dr. Mullik The Norton Anthology of English Literature: Norton Topics Online