Austin 2006 Pakistan: War, Peace and The Struggle for Power Rob Hillhouse Sara LucasRosemary Morrow

Austin 2006 Pakistan Mnemonic from names of Muslim-majority provinces in northwest areas in India Meaning: Creation of a land of the “pure”

Austin 2006 Pakistan P ynjab A fghania K ashmir S I nd T Baluchis TAN A N

Austin 2006 Pakistan 1 Balochistan 2 North-West Frontier Province 3 Punjab 4 Sindh 5 Islamabad Capital Territory 6 Federally Administered Tribal Areas 7 Azad Kashmir 8 Northern Areas

Austin 2006 Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Austin 2006 Symbols of Pakistan

Austin 2006

Pakistan

Austin 2006 Religions Muslim 97% –(Sunni 77%, –Shi'a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and other 3%

Austin 2006 Muhammad Iqbal When a Community forsakes its Law Its parts are severed, like the scattered dust. The being of the Muslim rests alone On Law, which is in truth the inner core Of the Apostle’s faith. The Secrets of the Self, 1920

Austin 2006 Power Knowing that, throughout history, societies are part of the struggle for power, we ask: –How do different individuals and groups seize power and establish their authority? –What elements beyond political or military strength reinforce or weaken the exercise of power? –How do systems of government preserve or relinquish power?

Austin 2006 Pakistan: Difficult Beginnings Nationalists were divided into different groups with no clear idea of what the new state would look like. The independence movement represented only the secularized, Westernized elite. The masses wanted to see an Islamic state.

Austin 2006 Jinnah and Gandhi

Austin 2006 Modern State vs. Islamic State Agree on a democracy Disagree on underpinning Principles

Austin 2006 Modern State vs. Islamic State Modernist intellectuals and politicians wanted to create a secular, constitutional government. Conservatives and fundamentalists wanted to create a “theo- democratic” state.

Austin 2006

Pakistani Leadership Muhammed Ali Jinnah Governor General Liaquat Ali Khan Prime Minister Six Different Prime Ministers General Ayub Khan President

Austin 2006 Pakistani Leadership General Yahya Khan Military Leadership Zulfigar Ali Bhutto Prime Minister General Zia ul-Haq President

Austin 2006 Pakistani Leadership Benazir Bhutto Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif Prime Minister 1999General Pervez Musharraf

Austin 2006 Muhammed Ali Jinnah "... this is my own very strong conviction that if the Quaid [Mohammed Ali Jinnah] had died in March 1947, there would have been no Pakistan. It was pure will power, sheer will power of the man.” --Syed Amjad Ali

Austin 2006 Muhammed Ali Jinnah Jinnah, head of the Muslim League, was the founding father of Pakistan and became the first governor general of Pakistan with Liaquat Ali Khan as the first prime minister. Jinnah died a year later on Sept. 11, 1948.

Austin 2006 Liaquat Ali Khan Remained as prime minister after Jinnah’s death. Struggled to negotiate a constitution. Was assassinated in Liaquat Ali Khan with Pres. Truman during his 1950 visit to the U.S. /timeline2.html

Austin Pakistan still governed by British colonial law Quick succession of 6 prime ministers in 7 years Political instability, racial and ethnic conflict, and an economic downturn resulted in a military coup

Austin 2006 Constitution of 1956 Collection of “modern,” secular laws -parliamentary democracy Guiding influence of Islam

Austin 2006 General Ayub Khan Pakistan’s first military ruler Popular reforms won him reelection in 1960 Martial law ended with 1962 constitution Resigned in 1969 and gave power to Gen. Yahya Khan

Austin 2006 Constitution of 1962 Focused on a liberal, modernist interpretation of Islam Gen. Ayub Khan intervened in politics to prevent Jamaat-l Islami from taking power. Appointment of 37 reform commissions with little concern for Islamic issue Jamaat-l Islami operating as a political party in elections

Austin 2006 General Yahya Khan Immediately declared martial law and made himself president Held the first general elections of Pakistan in Dec Differences between East and West Pakistan led to civil war and Bangladesh’s independence

Austin 2006 Pakistan

Austin 2006 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 1971 Leader of the most popular party Became president when Yahya Khan resigned in August 1973, and a new constitution went into effect. Bhutto resigned from the presidency to become prime minister Later was overthrown and hanged

Austin 2006 Constitution of 1973 Product of Zulfigar Ali Bhutto, who made concessions to Jamaat-l Islami Islam declared state religion for the first time Compulsory Islamic education Demanded published “error-free” Qur’an Banned horseracing, gambling, alcohol, night clubs and dancing.

Austin 2006 Gen. Muhammad Zia-ul-Hag Enforced Martial Law for the third time in the short Pakistani history Commissioned in the British Army in World War II and served in Burma, Malaya and Indonesia

Austin 2006 General Zia-ul-Haq Joined Pakistani army when Pakistan became independent. Appointed by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto as Chief of Army Staff, superseding five senior Generals. Carried out a bloodless coup overthrowing Bhutto's government and enforced Martial Law in the country.

Austin 2006 General Zia’s Amendments Zia intervened to remove “corrupt” Bhutto constitution. Shari’a incorporated into politics and law- punishment for crimes Law amended to give lesser status to women and minorities

Austin 2006 Benazir Bhutto ; Educated at Ratcliff and Oxford Detained and imprisoned for leadership of Pakistan Peoples Party Pledged to focus on health, social welfare and education

Austin 2006 Benazir Bhutto First woman to head government of an Islamic state Deposed in 1990 by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan who dissolved parliament to force an election. Re-elected in 1993 and dismissed three years later

Austin 2006 Nawaq Sharif ; Two non-consecutive terms as prime minister First term: platform of conservative government to end corruption. Returned to power in 1997, changed the constitution.

Austin 2006 Nawaq Sharif South Asia’s first motorway linked Lahore and Islamabad. Nuclear tests on May 28, 1998, responded to Indian nuclear tests Unpopular after “Kargil War,” at the time Pakistan and India were negotiating peace. Overthrown in 1999, exiled to Saudi Arabia Sharif taking oath as P.M. for second time

Austin 2006 Pervez Musharraf 2001-present Became de facto Head of Government after bloodless coup d’état Supreme Court ordered elections and referendum National Assembly had plurality in favor of Musharraf-deadlocked

Austin 2006 Pervez Musharraf 2001-present Vote of confidence in 2004 for term through 2007 Sided with United States against Taliban Declared that exiled leaders could not return for general elections. Gave use of three air bases to United States Serves as both Army Chief and President

Austin 2006 Musharraf and Bush

Austin 2006 Power: Military as Political Actors From General Khan to General Musharraf, military has intervened in Pakistani politics to prevent damage to the constitution. Example: Gen. Musharraf seized power when civilian prime minister removed constitutional checks on his power Military has produced both liberal and conservative leaders. Military intervened to remove Ali Bhutto from power and also intervened to ensure his daughter, Benazir Bhutto, could participate in a fair election.

Austin 2006 Power Knowing that, throughout history, societies are part of the struggle for power, we ask: –How do different individuals and groups seize power and establish their authority? –What elements beyond political or military strength reinforce or weaken the exercise of power? –How do systems of government preserve or relinquish power? /

Austin 2006

Resources Ahmad, Aziz. “Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan, ” The Genesis of Pakistan. London: Oxford University Press, British Broadcasting Company Esposito, John L. “Muhammad Iqbal and the Islamic State.” Voices of Resurgent Islam. Ed. John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, National Geographic Xpeditions: Geography Standards in Your Classroom ia&Rootmap=pakist&Mode=d ia&Rootmap=pakist&Mode=d

Austin 2006 Resources (continued) Pakistan.Gov: The Official Web Gateway to the Government of Pakistan. Pakistan Link. Permanent Mission of Pakistan to the United Nations, New Work. Public Broadcast Television Wide Angle

Austin 2006 Resources (continued) Story of Pakistan WIC Biography – Benazir Bhutto Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. The World Fact Book, Central Intelligence Agency.