US Postwar Issues (12.1) After WWI, many Americans feared that Communists would take over the country. How did the Justice Department under A. Mitchell Palmer respond to this fear? -Launched raids vs. suspected communists, socialists & anarchists; arrested & jailed or deported suspected radicals 2. Why did Palmer eventually lose his standing with the American public? -looked foolish when his raids failed to turn up evidence of communist conspiracy

3. How did the KKK respond to this fear 3. How did the KKK respond to this fear? -used as an excuse to harass anyone unlike themselves: African Americans, immigrants, Catholics, Jews, labor unions 4. Why did the KKK eventually lose popularity and membership? -violence & criminal activities turned many Americans against them

Public opinion turned against labor unions as many Americans came to believe that unions encouraged communism 5. Why was the strike by Boston police unpopular with the public? - threatened public safety: appeared to be an act of communism or anarchism 6. Why did Massachusetts governor Calvin Coolidge become so popular? - called in National Guard to restore order, leading to end of strike

7. Why was the strike at U. S. Steel unpopular 7. Why was the strike at U.S. Steel unpopular? - believed them to be communists 8. How did President Wilson respond to the steel strike? -written plea for peace between strikers and steel companies Sacco & Vanzetti: known anarchists wrongly accused of robbery & murder, found guilty on false evidence & lack of evidence, executed John L. Lewis: union leader who accepted arbitration of 27% wage increase

The Harding Presidency (12.2) 4 measures taken by the Harding administration to maintain world peace International conference: Washington Naval Conference 10 year halt to build warships Disarmament agreement Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war

The United States adopted the Fordney-McCumber Tariff to protect businesses in the US from foreign competition. This tariff made it difficult for Britain and France to sell goods in the US and, therefore, difficult to repay their war debts to US. To get money to pay those debts, they demanded reparations from Germany and troops from France invaded the Ruhr, an industrial region of Germany. To avoid a new war, US adopted the Dawes Plan. Under this program, investors from US made loans to Germany. It used the money to repay war debts to Britain and France. Then they used the same money to repay war debts to banks in US. In effect, US was repaid with its own money. This arrangement caused bad feelings on both sides of the Atlantic.

Effects of the Invention or Trend Business of America (12.3) Invention or Trend Effects of the Invention or Trend Company or Product Automobiles Changed life: paved roads, gas stations, motels, shopping; urban sprawl, economic boom, mobility to rural families, women & young people Ford 2. Airplane industry New means of transportation of people & goods; gave greater freedom of travel Lockheed Company 3. Alternating electrical current Ability to distribute electric power to greater areas outside city: appliances; housework easier, so can do other activities & jobs outside home Refrigerator 4. Modern advertising Greater demand for consumer goods Turned luxury items into necessitites Any advertised product 5. Installment plan False sense of prosperity Buy on credit: buy goods now & pay off over extended period of time with interest Cars Credit cards

Why should Americans in the 1920s have shown greater concern for their future? Growing income gap between workers & managers Lack of true prosperity in iron & Railroad industries Losses suffered by farmers & mining companies Possibility that installment buying was out of hand & represented superficial prosperity

Changing Ways of Life (13.1) What were some pros and cons of life in the nation’s cities? PRO: People judged each other more by accomplishments than by background & tolerated different lifestyles CON: life became impersonal & frightening-fast pace, not leisurely

2. For what reasons did some Americans promote Prohibition 2. For what reasons did some Americans promote Prohibition? too much drinking=social problems like crime, wife & child abuse, and accidents 3. Why was the enforcement of Prohibition so difficult? many continued to drink illegally & not enough force to stop smuggling & illegal production

4. How did Prohibition help lead to the rise of organized crime 4. How did Prohibition help lead to the rise of organized crime? gangs that formed to sell alcohol illegally began killing each other as they competed for profits 5. Why did fundamentalists believe in a literal interpretation of the Bible? Bible inspired by God & stories & details were true 6. What was the outcome of the Scopes trial? found guilty & fined $100