Unit Question: How do beliefs & values impact cultural interaction? Today’s Essential Question: What are the similarities & differences among the English colonies of Virginia & Massachusetts? Lesson plan for August 14, 2009: Warm-up question, Chesapeake Notes & New England, Closure Activity

The English in North America Virginia Colony vs. Massachusetts Bay

The English Colonies Explain Virginia’s development; include the Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation, relationships with Native Americans such as Powhatan, development of the House of Burgesses, Bacon’s Rebellion, and the development of slavery.

The Virginia Colony

What does this advertisement reveal about the Jamestown colony? For all slides with GREEN backgrounds: Have students interpret the images and make assumptions about the colonial region. Spiral questions from lower-order thinking (what do you see?) to higher-order thinking (what can we infer about this colonial region?, etc.)

Settling the British Colonies Unlike the Spanish & French, the British colonies were not funded or strictly controlled by the king: Joint-stock companies were formed by investors who hoped to profit off new colonies Once a charter was gained from the king, the company could maintain a colony in America

Virginia Company Jamestown (1607)

What are the advantages of this location? Disadvantages?

Jamestown: The “Starving Time” Jamestown struggled to survive: The location on the Chesapeake was swampy & located in the heart of the Powhatan Indian lands Colonists expected immediate wealth from gold, failed to plant crops, & faced major starvation With the brief exception of John Smith, Jamestown lacked leadership to unify the colonists Clash of cultures; settlers had no experience in founding a settlement-they simply did that they knew. This did not work

The 1622 Powhatan uprising killed 347 Jamestown colonists Powhatan Confederacy The 1622 Powhatan uprising killed 347 Jamestown colonists

“He who will not work, will not eat” John Smith took control, forced colonists to farm, & negotiated with nearby Powhatan Indians English society was rigidly hierarchical, but this did NOT work in the New World “He who will not work, will not eat”

Fort James

What does this image reveal about Jamestown? For all slides with GREEN backgrounds: Have students interpret the images and make assumptions about the colonial region. Spiral questions from lower-order thinking (what do you see?) to higher-order thinking (what can we infer about this colonial region?, etc.)

Jamestown Survives The Jamestown colonists hoped to find wealth and they did: In 1612, John Rolfe experimented with a hybrid form of tobacco Tobacco forced colonists to expand to find new lands & some were able to build large plantations Tobacco created a need for field laborers to plant & pick the crop

Growing Tobacco in Jamestown explain Virginia's development including the Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation, relationships with Native Americans such as Powhatan, development of the House of Burgesses, Bacon's Rebellion, and the origins of American slavery

Early Colonial Tobacco 1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco. 1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco. 1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco. 1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco. Pojer; background - http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_US/1517_1705.html

Due to the success of tobacco, Jamestown grew into “Virginia”

17th Century Population in the Chesapeake Pojer

Virginia Workers To meet the demand for field workers, Virginians used: Indentured servants from England; Typically poor men who agreed to work for a land owner for 4-7 yrs in exchange for travel to America In 1618, the headright system was created; 50 acres were given to anyone who brought an indentured servant to America African slaves: During this period slavery becomes a hereditary function of race. This would probably be a good place to mention that large families were also a product of the need for labor.

White & Black Migration to VA Indentured Servants Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade with Africa Virginia’s growth was due largely to the headright system & indentured servitude The first African slaves arrived in Jamestown in 1619

Social Hierarchy in the Chesapeake There were very few women in Virginia, which made it difficult for colonists to marry or to have families The owners of tobacco plantations Small farmers were the largest class; Came as indentured servants; most were very poor Tobacco was the basis of wealth & cause of social inequalities Indentured servants were often mistreated This would be a good place to mention that this type of social hierarchy led to a very young average age for 17th century colonial demographics. Also place to mention that few women with high male mortality meant women could become quite wealthy. African slaves

Why are these men gathered here?

Virginia House of Burgesses The Virginia colony was a royal colony so it had a governor appointed by the king, but the House of Burgesses made the important decisions regarding taxes & laws In 1619, Virginia colonists created a legislative assembly to create local taxes & taxes The Virginia House of Burgesses became the 1st legislative assembly in America

What is going on?

Bacon's Rebellion Former indentured servants in western VA suffered from poor tobacco prices & Indian attacks Poor farmers, led by Nathaniel Bacon, blamed VA’s royal governor & started a rebellion Bacon’s Rebellion proved to rich Virginians that slaves were better than indentured servants because slaves would never ask for land It also created a permanent state of antagonism (tension & fighting) between native peoples and the “frontier” Virginians. 22

Bacon’s Rebellion

Slavery Where was slavery legal? In which colonies did it exist? Africans as a Percentage of Total Population of the British Colonies, 1650–1770 Where was slavery legal? In which colonies did it exist? Faragher, Out of Many, 3rd Ed.; http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/

The New England Colonies Describe the settlement of New England; include religious reasons, relations with Native Americans (e.g., King Phillip’s War), the establishment of town meetings and development of a legislature, religious tensions that led to the founding of Rhode Island, the half-way covenant, Salem Witch Trials, and the loss of the Massachusetts charter and the transition to a royal colony.

In what ways was colonial New England different from colonial Virginia?

The Founding of New England Colonists who first settled in New England came for religious reasons Disagreements in the Anglican Church over how to practice the faith led to divisions: Puritans believed that the Anglican Church compromise too far by allowing some Catholic rituals Separatists were radical Puritans who were unwilling to wait for church leaders to reform Puritans believed in the Calvinist idea of predestination & tried to live strictly “Christian” lives without sin

The Pilgrims in Plymouth The Separatists (known as Pilgrims) formed a joint-stock company & received a royal charter to create the Plymouth Colony in N. Virgina (They missed it!) The Pilgrims created the Mayflower Compact agreeing to work together as a “civil body politick” (this agreement became the 1st example of self-government in America) Good place to mention that Pilgrims were chartered to go to Northern Virginia but landed here instead.

The Great Puritan Migration Puritans tried to remain within the Church of England, but: In 1629, many Puritans felt King Charles I was ruining England Puritans arrived in Boston in 1630 From 1630-1640, John Winthrop led 16,000 Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay colony as part of the Great Migration

What makes New England society unique?

“A City on a Hill” Winthrop wanted to build Boston as a “city on a hill” to be a model to other Christians The Massachusetts colony was very different from Virginia: Settlers usually came as families New England was generally a healthy place to live Settlers sacrificed for the common good, built schools, focused on subsistence farming

Social Hierarchy in New England Local “elite” were religious leaders who ran town meetings Religion was the center of society Large population of small-scale farmers who were loyal to the local community Servants were common in NE but not like indentured servitude in Chesapeake. Servants were typically children of families forced to work for neighbors by their parents to begin an “apprenticeship” for life. Thus, this servitude was not exploited like Chesapeake indentured servants were. Small population of landless laborers, servants, & poor

What functions could this building have served in New England?

Massachusetts Government Government in Massachusetts centered on the church through town meetings: Each Massachusetts town was independently governed by local church members All adult male church members were allowed to vote for local laws & taxes

Town Meetings

Builders or Bigots? Puritans did not support dissent: : Roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts when he demanded that Indians be paid for their land; He formed the Rhode Island colony in 1636 Anne Hutchinson was banished to Rhode Island for challenging Puritan leaders’ authority Hutchinson believed that “converted” people are not subject to man’s laws, only subject to God’s laws (Antinomianism)

Chesapeake New England Complete the following chart then identify the most significant similarities & differences between the Chesapeake & New England colonies Chesapeake New England Political Economic Social

Essential Question: What are the similarities & differences between the Virginia Colony (Jamestown) & the New England colonies (Plymouth, etc.)?