The Roaring 20’s An era of prosperity, Republican power, and conflict

1920's collectively known as the "Roaring 20's", or the "Jazz Age" 1920's collectively known as the "Roaring 20's", or the "Jazz Age" in sum, a period of great change in American Society - modern America is born at this time in sum, a period of great change in American Society - modern America is born at this time for first time the census reflected an urban society - people had moved into cities to enjoy a higher standard of living for first time the census reflected an urban society - people had moved into cities to enjoy a higher standard of living

Age of Prosperity Economic Economic expansion Mass Mass Production Assembly Assembly Line Age Age of the Automobile Ailing Ailing Agriculture…

an agricultural depression in early 1920's contributed to this urban migration an agricultural depression in early 1920's contributed to this urban migration U.S. farmers lost agri. markets in postwar Europe U.S. farmers lost agri. markets in postwar Europe at same time agri. efficiency increased so more food produced (more food = lower prices) and fewer labourers needed at same time agri. efficiency increased so more food produced (more food = lower prices) and fewer labourers needed so farming was no longer as prosperous, and bankers called in their loans (farms repossessed) so farming was no longer as prosperous, and bankers called in their loans (farms repossessed) so American farmers enter the Depression in advance of the rest of society so American farmers enter the Depression in advance of the rest of society

Black Americans in this period continued to live in poverty Black Americans in this period continued to live in poverty sharecropping kept them in de facto slavery sharecropping kept them in de facto slavery boll weevil wiped out the cotton crop boll weevil wiped out the cotton crop white landowners went bankrupt & forced blacks off their land white landowners went bankrupt & forced blacks off their land

Blacks moved north to take advantage of booming wartime industry (= Great Migration) - Black ghettoes began to form, i.e. Harlem Blacks moved north to take advantage of booming wartime industry (= Great Migration) - Black ghettoes began to form, i.e. Harlem within these ghettoes a distinct Black culture flourished within these ghettoes a distinct Black culture flourished But both blacks and whites wanted cultural interchange restricted But both blacks and whites wanted cultural interchange restricted

Marcus Garvey (Jamaican born immigrant) established the Universal Negro Improvement Association Marcus Garvey (Jamaican born immigrant) established the Universal Negro Improvement Association believed in Black pride believed in Black pride advocated racial segregation b/c of Black superiority advocated racial segregation b/c of Black superiority Back to Africa Movement -Garvey believed Blacks should return to Africa Back to Africa Movement -Garvey believed Blacks should return to Africa he purchased a ship to start the Black Star line he purchased a ship to start the Black Star line attracted many investments: gov't charged him with w/fraud attracted many investments: gov't charged him with w/fraud he was found guilty and eventually deported to Jamaica, but his organization continued to exist he was found guilty and eventually deported to Jamaica, but his organization continued to exist

Republican Power President Harding President Harding Elected 1920 Elected 1920 Legacy of Scandals Legacy of Scandals “Teapot Dome” “Teapot Dome” Died in office Died in office

President Coolidge “The business of America is business.” Fordney-McCumber Tariff Smoot-Hawley Tariff No help for farmers Foreign Policy

Consumer Economy

Culture of the Roaring 20’s Radio KDKA Pittsburgh GE, Westinghouse,& RCA form NBC Silent Movies Charlie Chaplin “Talkies” The Jazz Singer Starring Al Jolson Mary Pickford “America’s Sweetheart”

Celebrities Babe Ruth & Ty Cobb Jack Dempsey Charles Lindbergh The Spirit of St. Louis

The 20’s is The Jazz Age The 20’s is The Jazz Age The Flappers make up Cigarettes, short skirts, dancing Musicians Louis Armstrong Duke Ellington Writers F. Scott Fitzgerald Ernest Hemingway

“To demonstrate publicly that women have legs” If there’s any symbol for the transformation that had occurred in the lives of American women as they approached the twentieth century, it ought to be the bicycle. In fact, Frances Willard, the head of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union wrote a book about it called: How I Learned to Ride the Bicycle. The bicycle was a new invention that took the nation by storm – every manufacturer had a ‘ladies model.’ Of course, long dresses and bustles did not lend themselves to riding bikes –women went to more comfortable, useful clothing –Even Susan B. Anthony was a convert “Bicycling did more to emancipate women than anything in the world.” 1900—10 million bikes on the road

Who was the New Woman? She did more than ride bicycles … she was independent.. She was educated… she was an activist… she was mature…she was a sportswoman…she was competent…she was a professional…she dared to live her life without a man!!

1920's also brought about great changes for women 's also brought about great changes for women th Amendment gave them the federal vote after 1920, social circumstances changed too as more women worked outside the home after 1920, social circumstances changed too as more women worked outside the home and more women went to college and clamoured to join the professions and more women went to college and clamoured to join the professions women didn't want to sacrifice wartime gains - amounted to a social revolt women didn't want to sacrifice wartime gains - amounted to a social revolt characterized by the FLAPPER/ "new woman" characterized by the FLAPPER/ "new woman" –(bobbed hair, short dresses, smoked in public...)

College Girls The first generation of female college students enrolled in The first generation of female college students enrolled in Some men worried that studying may endanger their ‘female apparatus.’ Some men worried that studying may endanger their ‘female apparatus.’ By 1890, Ladies Home Journal sponsored a contest with a scholarship to Vassar as the top prize. By 1890, Ladies Home Journal sponsored a contest with a scholarship to Vassar as the top prize. By 1910, 40% of college students were female. By 1910, 40% of college students were female. By 1920, almost 50% of college students were female..it’s highest point until the 1960s. By 1920, almost 50% of college students were female..it’s highest point until the 1960s. Many graduates served as nurses and canteen workers in Europe during World War I. Many graduates served as nurses and canteen workers in Europe during World War I.

Criticisms/Problems America wasn’t ready for professional women who were also wives and mothers.. She was expected to choose one or the other. America wasn’t ready for professional women who were also wives and mothers.. She was expected to choose one or the other. Therefore, almost 50% of female college graduates in the late nineteenth century remained unmarried. Therefore, almost 50% of female college graduates in the late nineteenth century remained unmarried. Magazines printed articles defending that choice. Magazines printed articles defending that choice. They worried about ‘race suicide’. They worried about ‘race suicide’. Very very few women had the right to vote. Very very few women had the right to vote. Even educated women were still focusing on a domestic agenda. Even educated women were still focusing on a domestic agenda. Women were barred from joining campus organizations. Women were barred from joining campus organizations. Colleges and universities developed curriculum to attract more men. Colleges and universities developed curriculum to attract more men. Working women made less money than men. Working women made less money than men.

The New Woman Women saw new opportunities at the turn of the century. Women saw new opportunities at the turn of the century. They could get an education. They could get an education. They could engage in sports. They could engage in sports. They could dress in more comfortable, practical clothes. They could dress in more comfortable, practical clothes. They could speak and lecture in public. They could speak and lecture in public. They could fight for social causes. They could fight for social causes. They could help with the war effort. They could help with the war effort. They could become businesswomen. They could become businesswomen. They could become leaders of society. They could become leaders of society. They saw good things to come in the future. They saw good things to come in the future.

Immigrants – the point of origin had shifted to S & E Europe and new religions appeared: Jewish, Orthodox, Catholic Immigrants – the point of origin had shifted to S & E Europe and new religions appeared: Jewish, Orthodox, Catholic N. European immigrants of early 19c. feared this shift and felt it would undermine Protestant values N. European immigrants of early 19c. feared this shift and felt it would undermine Protestant values this fear was known as NATIVISM this fear was known as NATIVISM many wanted Congress to restrict immigration, leading to a quota system that favoured n. areas of Europe many wanted Congress to restrict immigration, leading to a quota system that favoured n. areas of Europe fear of immigrants (from SE Europe) led to a sentiment known as the Red Scare (fear of comm. post-Bolshevik Rev.) fear of immigrants (from SE Europe) led to a sentiment known as the Red Scare (fear of comm. post-Bolshevik Rev.) basic comm. advocates a int'l revolution by the proletariat/workers - fears that this ideology could find its way into the U.S. basic comm. advocates a int'l revolution by the proletariat/workers - fears that this ideology could find its way into the U.S.

at this time, W. Wilson was gravely ill following a stroke at this time, W. Wilson was gravely ill following a stroke his Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer, wanted to take a shot at the presidency - he used fears of both immigrants and communism to his advantage his Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer, wanted to take a shot at the presidency - he used fears of both immigrants and communism to his advantage he had J. Edgar Hoover round up suspected radicals, many of which were deported (Palmer Raids) he had J. Edgar Hoover round up suspected radicals, many of which were deported (Palmer Raids)

The Ku Klux Klan Great increase In power Anti-black Anti-immigrant Anti-women’s suffrage Anti-bootleggers Anti-Semitic Anti-Catholic

Scopes “Monkey” Trial Evolution vs. Creationism Dayton, Tennessee Famous Lawyers Science vs. Religion John Scopes High School Biology teacher

Prohibition 18 th Amendment Volstead Act Gangsters Al Capone