Fig. 14-00

Nonbranching Evolution (results in speciation) Fig. 14-01 PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION Nonbranching Evolution (no new species) Branching Evolution (results in speciation)

Similarity between different species Diversity within one species Fig. 14-02 Similarity between different species Diversity within one species

Similarity between different species Fig. 14-02a Similarity between different species

Diversity within one species Fig. 14-02b Diversity within one species

Reduced hybrid viability Fig. 14-03 INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES Prezygotic Barriers Temporal isolation Habitat isolation Behavioral isolation MATING ATTEMPT Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation FERTILIZATION (ZYGOTE FORMS) Postzygotic Barriers Reduced hybrid viability Reduced hybrid fertility Hybrid breakdown VIABLE, FERTILE OFFSPRING

INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES MATING ATTEMPT Fig. 14-03a INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES Prezygotic Barriers Temporal isolation Habitat isolation Behavioral isolation MATING ATTEMPT Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation

Reduced hybrid viability Fig. 14-03b INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES FERTILIZATION (ZYGOTE FORMS) Postzygotic Barriers Reduced hybrid viability Reduced hybrid fertility Hybrid breakdown VIABLE, FERTILE OFFSPRING

PREZYGOTIC BARRIERS Temporal Isolation Habitat Isolation Fig. 14-04 PREZYGOTIC BARRIERS Temporal Isolation Habitat Isolation Behavioral Isolation Mechanical Isolation Gametic Isolation

Skunk species that mate at different times Fig. 14-04a Temporal Isolation Skunk species that mate at different times

Garter snake species from different habitats Fig. 14-04b Habitat Isolation Garter snake species from different habitats

Mating ritual of blue-footed boobies Fig. 14-04c Behavioral Isolation Mating ritual of blue-footed boobies

Snail species whose genital openings cannot align Fig. 14-04d Mechanical Isolation Snail species whose genital openings cannot align

Sea urchin species whose gametes cannot fuse Fig. 14-04e Gametic Isolation Sea urchin species whose gametes cannot fuse

POSTZYGOTIC BARRIERS Reduced Hybrid Viability Reduced Hybrid Fertility Fig. 14-05 POSTZYGOTIC BARRIERS Reduced Hybrid Viability Reduced Hybrid Fertility Hybrid Breakdown Horse Donkey Mule

Reduced Hybrid Viability Fig. 14-05a Reduced Hybrid Viability Frail hybrid salamander offspring

Reduced Hybrid Fertility Fig. 14-05b Reduced Hybrid Fertility Horse Donkey Mule Mule (sterile hybrid of horse and donkey)

Sterile next-generation rice hybrid Fig. 14-05c Hybrid Breakdown Sterile next-generation rice hybrid

Allopatric speciation Simpatric speciation Fig. 14-06 Allopatric speciation Simpatric speciation

Ammospermophilus harrisii Ammospermophilus leucurus Fig. 14-07 Ammospermophilus harrisii Ammospermophilus leucurus

Populations Populations become become allopatric sympatric Populations Fig. 14-08 Populations become allopatric Populations become sympatric Populations interbreed Gene pools merge: No speciation Populations cannot interbreed Geographic barrier Reproductive isolation: Speciation has occurred Time

Sterile hybrid (14 chromosomes) Fig. 14-09-1 Domesticated Triticum monococcum (14 chromosomes) Wild Triticum (14 chromosomes) AA BB AB Sterile hybrid (14 chromosomes)

Sterile hybrid (14 chromosomes) Fig. 14-09-2 Domesticated Triticum monococcum (14 chromosomes) Wild Triticum (14 chromosomes) AA BB AB Sterile hybrid (14 chromosomes) T. turgidum Emmer wheat (28 chromosomes) AA BB

Sterile hybrid (14 chromosomes) Sterile hybrid (21 chromosomes) Fig. 14-09-3 Domesticated Triticum monococcum (14 chromosomes) Wild Triticum (14 chromosomes) AA BB AB Sterile hybrid (14 chromosomes) T. turgidum Emmer wheat (28 chromosomes) AA BB DD Wild T. tauschii (14 chromosomes) ABD Sterile hybrid (21 chromosomes)

Sterile hybrid (14 chromosomes) Sterile hybrid (21 chromosomes) Fig. 14-09-4 Domesticated Triticum monococcum (14 chromosomes) Wild Triticum (14 chromosomes) AA BB AB Sterile hybrid (14 chromosomes) T. turgidum Emmer wheat (28 chromosomes) AA BB DD Wild T. tauschii (14 chromosomes) ABD Sterile hybrid (21 chromosomes) T. aestivum Bread wheat (42 chromosomes) AA BB DD

Fig. 14-09a

Fig. 14-10 Punctuated model Time Graduated model

Artist’s reconstruction Fig. 14-11 Wing claw (like reptile) Teeth (like reptile) Feathers Long tail with many vertebrae (like reptile) Fossil Artist’s reconstruction

Fig. 14-11a Fossil

Artist’s reconstruction Fig. 14-11b Wing claw (like reptile) Teeth (like reptile) Feathers Long tail with many vertebrae (like reptile) Artist’s reconstruction

Fig. 14-12 Gills

(paedomorphic features) Fig. 14-13 Chimpanzee fetus Chimpanzee adult Human fetus Human adult (paedomorphic features)

Fig. 14-13a Chimpanzee fetus Chimpanzee adult

(paedomorphic features) Fig. 14-13b Human fetus Human adult (paedomorphic features)

Fig. 14-14

Fig. 14-14a

Fig. 14-14b

Fig. 14-14c

Fig. 14-14d

Fig. 14-14e

(as % of living organism’s Carbon-14 radioactivity Fig. 14-15 Radioactive decay of carbon-14 100 75 (as % of living organism’s Carbon-14 radioactivity C-14 to C-12 ratio) 50 25 5.6 11.2 16.8 22.4 28.0 33.6 39.2 44.8 50.4 Time (thousands of years) How carbon-14 dating is used to determine the vintage of a fossilized clam shell Carbon-14 in shell

(as % of living organism’s Carbon-14 radioactivity Fig. 14-15a 100 75 (as % of living organism’s Carbon-14 radioactivity C-14 to C-12 ratio) 50 25 5.6 11.2 16.8 22.4 28.0 33.6 39.2 44.8 50.4 Time (thousands of years) Radioactive decay of carbon-14

How carbon-14 dating is used to determine Fig. 14-15b-1 How carbon-14 dating is used to determine the vintage of a fossilized clam shell Carbon-14 in shell

How carbon-14 dating is used to determine Fig. 14-15b-2 How carbon-14 dating is used to determine the vintage of a fossilized clam shell Carbon-14 in shell

How carbon-14 dating is used to determine Fig. 14-15b-3 How carbon-14 dating is used to determine the vintage of a fossilized clam shell Carbon-14 in shell

Fig. 14-16

Present Cenozoic 65 135 Mesozoic 251 million years ago Paleozoic Fig. 14-17 Present Cenozoic North America Eurasia 65 Africa South America India Madagascar Australia Antarctica Laurasia 135 Mesozoic Gondwana 251 million years ago Pangaea Paleozoic

Fig. 14-18-1

Fig. 14-18-2

Fig. 14-18-3 Chicxulub crater

Leopard (Panthera pardus) Fig. 14-19 Leopard (Panthera pardus) Tiger (Panthera tigris) Lion (Panthera leo) Jaguar (Panthera onca)

Leopard (Panthera pardus) Fig. 14-19a Leopard (Panthera pardus)

Tiger (Panthera tigris) Fig. 14-19b Tiger (Panthera tigris)

Fig. 14-19c Lion (Panthera leo)

Jaguar (Panthera onca) Fig. 14-19d Jaguar (Panthera onca)

Species Panthera pardus Genus Panthera Leopard (Panthera pardus) Fig. 14-20 Species Panthera pardus Genus Panthera Leopard (Panthera pardus) Family Felidae Order Carnivora Class Mammalia Phylum Chordata Kingdom Animalia Domain Eukarya

Species Panthera pardus Genus Panthera Family Felidae Order Carnivora Fig. 14-20a Species Panthera pardus Genus Panthera Family Felidae Order Carnivora Class Mammalia Phylum Chordata Kingdom Animalia Domain Eukarya

Fig. 14-20b Leopard (Panthera pardus)

Order Family Genus Species Panthera pardus (leopard) Felidae Panthera Fig. 14-21 Order Family Genus Species Panthera pardus (leopard) Felidae Panthera Mephitis mephitis (striped skunk) Mephitis Carnivora Mustelidae Lutra lutra (European otter) Lutra Canis latrans (coyote) Canidae Canis Canis lupus (wolf)

Fig. 14-22

Iguana Outgroup (reptile) Duck-billed platypus Ingroup Hair, mammary Fig. 14-23 Iguana Outgroup (reptile) Duck-billed platypus Ingroup (mammals) Hair, mammary glands Kangaroo Gestation Beaver Long gestation

Lizards and snakes Crocodilians Pterosaurs Common ancestor of Fig. 14-24 Lizards and snakes Crocodilians Pterosaurs Common ancestor of crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds Ornithischian dinosaurs Saurischian dinosaurs Birds

Domain Bacteria Earliest Domain Archaea organisms The protists Fig. 14-25 Domain Bacteria Earliest organisms Domain Archaea The protists (multiple kingdoms) Kingdom Plantae Domain Eukarya Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia

Ancestral mammal Monotremes (5 species) Reptilian ancestor Marsupials Fig. 14-26 Ancestral mammal Monotremes (5 species) Extinction of dinosaurs Reptilian ancestor Marsupials (324 species) Eutherians (5,010 species) 250 200 150 100 65 50 American black bear Millions of years ago

Ancestral mammal Monotremes (5 species) Reptilian ancestor Marsupials Fig. 14-26a Ancestral mammal Monotremes (5 species) Extinction of dinosaurs Reptilian ancestor Marsupials (324 species) Eutherians (5,010 species) 250 200 150 100 65 50 Millions of years ago

Fig. 14-26b American black bear

Fig. 14-T01

Fig. 14-T01a

Fig. 14-T01b

Fig. 14-T01c

Fig. 14-T01d

Viable, fertile offspring Fig. 14-UN01 Zygote Viable, fertile offspring Gametes Prezygotic barriers Postzygotic barriers • Temporal isolation • Habitat isolation • Behavioral isolation • Mechanical isolation • Gametic isolation • Reduced hybrid viability • Reduced hybrid fertility • Hybrid breakdown

Allopatric speciation geographic isolation) geographic isolation) Fig. 14-UN02 Allopatric speciation (occurs after geographic isolation) Parent population Sympatric speciation (occurs without geographic isolation)

Fig. 14-UN03 Bacteria Earliest organisms Archaea Eukarya