Chapter 14 MT Chapter 21 BS Reproductive System

Functions of the Male Reproductive System Primary function is to produce millions of sperm and contribute to a new life by uniting them with a single ovum (egg) in the female

Structures of the Male Reproductive System Sperm and Semen Formation Male gametes = reproductive cells – formed in the seminiferous tubules of the testicles After formation – move up into the epididymis to gain motility and be stored Then sperm travel to enter the vas deferens where seminal vesicles and prostate gland add secretions to produce semen External Male Genitalia Scrotum Testicles The Penis Internal Male Genitalia Vas Deferens Seminal Vesicles The Prostate Gland Cowper’s Glands: lubrication The Urethra

Pathway of Sperm – Male Gametes Produced in the seminiferous tubules Travel up to the eipdidymis to gain motility Enter into the Ductus (vas) Deferens which passed thru the seminal vesicle and prostate gland to gain secretions to produce semen 3 2 1

External Male Genitalia Scrotum Encloses, protects and supports the testicles Perineum: the region between the scrotum and the anus Testicles 2 small glands that produce the spermatozoa Develop w/in the abdomen of the male fetus and descend into the scrotum before birth or soon after birth Epididymis: tube at the upper part of the testicle, turns into the vas deferens The Penis The male sex organ – transports sperm into the female vagina Composed of erectile tissue that fills with blood causing an erection during sexual stimulation Glans penis: soft sensitive region located at the tip of the penis Prepuce: aka foreskin, covers and protects the glans penis

Internal Male Genitalia Vas Deferens Leads from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct in the prostate – one of the 2 final portions of the seminal vesicles, passes thru the prostate gland and enters the urethra Seminal Vesicles Glands located at the base of the urinary bladder Secrete thick, yellow substance that nourishes sperm cells The Prostate Gland Lies under the bladder Surrounds upper end of the urethra Secretes thick fluid that, as part of the semen, aids in motility of the sperm The Urethra Passes through the penis to the outside of the body In the male – serves both reproductive and urinary systems

Medical Specialties Related to the Male Reproductive System What is the term for the medical professional who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males??? UROLOGIST

Pathology of the Male Reproductive System Testicles and Related Structures Anorchism: congenital absence of 1 or both testicles Cryptorchidism: undescended testis – failure to descend into the scrotum after birth Hydrocele: hernia filled with fluid in testicles or tubes leading from testis Testitis: inflammation of 1 or both testicles – may cause male infertility Vericocele: varicose vein of the testicles – may cause male infertility The Penis Balanitis: inflammation Impotence: inability to achieve or maintain erection Phimosis: narrowing of the opening of the foreskin

Hydrocele Vericocele Testicular Tumor Cryptorchidism

Pathology of the Male Reproductive System Sperm Count Azoospermia (ay-zoh-oh-SPER-mee-ah): absence of sperm in the semen Oligospermia: low sperm count Prostate Gland Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy: prostatomegaly – abnormal enlargement of prostate gland Prostate CA: one of the most common CA among men Pathology of the Male Reproductive System

Diagnostic Procedures of the Male Reproductive System Prostate-specific Antigen: blood test to screen for prostate CA Sperm Analysis: sperm count Testicular Self-Exam: self-help step in early detection of testicular CA

Treatment Procedures of the Male Reproductive System General Circumcision: surgical removal of foreskin Orchidectomy: surgical removal of one/both testicle Vericocelectomy: removal of a portion of an enlarged vein to relieve a vericocele

Male Sterilization Castration: surgical removal or destruction of both testicles Sterilization: any procedure rendering an individual (male or female) incapable of reproduction Vasectomy: male sterilization procedure in which a portion of the vas deferens in surgically removed which prevents sperm from entering the semen

Prostate CA Treatment Ablation: removal or destruction of the function of a body part Prostatectomy: surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland (i.e.: transurethral – removal through the urethra) What is the term for a total surgical removal of the prostate gland, the seminal vesicles, and some surrounding tissue??? RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY Radiation Therapy/Hormone Therapy: additional treatments used to control prostate CA

Functions of the Female Reproductive System Primary functions are the creation and support of new life Ovaries: produce eggs to be fertilized by sperm Uterus: provides environment and support for the developing fetus After birth, the breasts produce milk to feed the child

Structures of the Female Reproductive System External Female Genitalia Known collectively as the Vulva Labia (majora/minora): vaginal lips that protect the external genitalia and urethral meatus – external opening of the urethra Clitoris: sensitive sexual organ of erectile tissue Bartholin’s Glands: lubrication for vagina Perineum: region between the vaginal orifice and the anus Located below the mons pubis – fleshy prominence over the pubic symphysis

Structures of the Female Reproductive System - continued Mammary Glands – breasts Milk producing glands that develop during puberty Areola: dark-pigmented area that surrounds the nipple Mammary glands (lactiferous glands): produce mild after childbirth Lactiferous duct: carries mild from the mammary glands to the nipple

Structures of the Female Reproductive System - continued Internal Female Genitalia – major female reproductive organs are located in the pelvic cavity and are protected by the pelvis Ovaries Follicle Ova Fallopian Tubes Infundibulum Uterus Fundus Corpus (body) Cervix Tissues of the Uterus Vagina Hymen

Ovaries Fallopian Tubes Pair of small organs located in the lower abdomen, one on either side of the uterus Follicle: fluid-filled sac containing a single ovum Ova (egg): female gametes – one mature ovum released monthly Fallopian Tubes Carry ovum downward from the ovary to the uterus Carry sperm upward from the vagina and uterus Infundibulum: funnel shaped opening into each fallopian tube Fimbriae: finger-like extensions, catch ovum when it leaves the ovary

Uterus Parts of the Uterus Tissues of the Uterus Pear-shaped organ rich in blood supply Situated between the bladder and the rectum Parts of the Uterus Fundus: above the entrance of the fallopian tubes Corpus (body): middle portion Cervix: lower narrow portion that extends into the vagina Tissues of the Uterus Perimetrium: outer layer Myometrium: middle layer Endometrium: inner layer

Menstruation – (menses) – normal discharge of bloody fluid from the nonpregnant uterus Menarche (meh-NAR-kee): beginning of the menstrual function at puberty Menstrual cycle: consists of 28 days (Table 14.1) Menopause: normal stopping of monthly menstrual periods – occurs average age 52 Perimenopause: transition phase between regular menstruation and none at all Days 1-5 Menstrual Phase Days 6-12 Postmenstrual Phase Days 13-14 Ovulatory Phase Days 15-28 Premenstrual Phase

Medical Specialties Related to the Female Reproductive System Gynecologist: specialized in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system Obstetrician: provides medical care to women through pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately thereafter Neonatologist: diagnoses and treats disorders of the newborn Pediatrician: diagnoses, treats, and prevents disorders and diseases of children

Pathology of the Female Reproductive System Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes Anovulation: failure to ovulate Oophoritis (oh-ahf-oh-RYE-tis): inflammation of ovary Ovarian CA: 3rd most common cancer of the female reproductive system, most deadly type Ovariorrhexis: rupture of ovary PID: Pelvic inflammatory disease is any inflammation of the female reproductive organs that is not associated with surgery or pregnancy. Salpingitis: inflammation of fallopian tube

Pathology of the Female Reproductive System - continued The Uterus Endometriosis: endometrial tissue escaped the uterus and grows outside the uterus on other structures in the pelvic cavity. Fibroid: benign tumor in the wall of the uterus. Metrorrhea: Abnormal discharge, such as mucus or pus from the uterus. Metrorrhexis: rupture of the uterus. Pyometritis: inflammation of the uterus. Uterine CA: most commonly after menopause Abnormal bleeding is one of the earliest symptoms

Abnormal Uterine Positions Anteflexion: normal position of the uterus – bent forward Anteversion: abnormal tipping, tilting, or turning forward of uterus Prolapse of uterus: falling or sinking down of the uterus – protrudes through the vaginal opening Retroflexion: abnormal tipping with the body of uterus bent forming an angle with the cervix Retroversion: abnormal tipping of the uterus backward with the cervix pointing toward the pubic symphysis

Anteflexion Anteversion Retroflexion Retroversion

Pathology of the Female Reproductive System - continued The Cervix Cervical CA: 2nd most common cancer in women – between ages of 35 – 55 Cervical Dysplasia: abnormal growth of cells of the cervix – detected on Pap Smear Cervicitis: inflammation of the cervix that usually is caused by an infection. Endocervicitis: inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the cervix

Pathology of the Female Reproductive System - continued Breasts Breast CA Galactocele: a milk cyst (clogged milk duct) usually associated with childbirth, in both breast feeding and non-breast feeding mothers. Mastitis: inflammation of the breast usually associated with lactation but may occur for other reasons.

Pathology of the Female Reproductive System - continued Menstrual Disorders Amenorrhea: absence of menstrual periods Dysmenorrhea: cramps during menstrual period Hypomenorrhea: small amount of menstrual flow Menorrhagia: excessive menstrual flow

Diagnostic Procedures of the Female Reproductive System Breast Self-Exam Endovaginal ultrasound Hysterosalpingography (HSG): radiographic exam of the uterus and fallopian tubes after injection of Radiopaque material Hysteroscopy Mammography Pap Smear

Treatment Procedures of the Female Reproductive System Medications BC Pills HRT Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes Salpingectomy Tubal Ligation Uterus, Cervix, and Vagina Dilation and curettage (D & C) Hysterectomies Breasts Mastectomy Breast Augmentation Tubal Ligation

Treatment Procedures of the Female Reproductive System - continued Assisted Reproduction Infertility: inability of a couple to achieve pregnancy after 1 yr of trying or the inability of the woman to carry a pregnancy to a live birth Infertility Specialist

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD’s) – aka Venereal diseases (VD’s) Bacterial Vaginosis Chlamydia: highly contagious, if left untreated may cause sterility in both male and female Genital herpes Gonorrhea HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) HPV (Genital Warts) Syphilis Trichomonas