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1500 BC EBERS PAPYRUS, EGYPTIAN PHYSICIANS RECOGNIZE TOXIC EFFECTS 4TH C BC HIPPOCRATES, BEGINNING OF SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATION, ASBESTOS DISEASE RECOGNISED 82 BC LEX CORNELIA MAKES POISONING ILLEGAL 54 AD PLINY THE ELDER, MERCURY REFINERS USE BLADDERS OVER FACE TO PROTECT AGAINST DUST 1473 ELLENBORG, RECOGNIZED CHRONIC LEAD AND MERCURY POISONING 1493-1541 PHILIPUS PARACELSUS, CORRELATED "MINERS DISEASES" WITH METAL FUME 1500s CANARIES INTO THE MINES 1519-1589 CATHERINE DE MEDICI, HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION 1556 AGRICOLA, RECOGNIZED "ASTHMA" AMONG MINERS 1700 RAMAZZINI, RECOGNIZED OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES AND PRESCRIBED CURES 1775 PERCIVAL POTT, RECOGNIZED SCROTAL CANCER AS A RESULT OF CLEANING CHIMNEYS 1833 FACTORY ACT, ENGLAND LIMITS HOURS OF CHILD LABOUR 1839 GERMANY BANS CHILD LABOUR IN DANGEROUS OCCUPATIONS 1864 ENGLAND'S FACTORY ACT PROVIDES FOR INSPECTION OF FACTORIES 1877 FACTORY INSPECTION IN USA 1884 K.B. LEHMANN, STUDIED TOXIC EFFECTS OF GASES ON ANIMALS 1905 BENZO (a) PYRENE IDENTIFIED AS CARCINOGEN, FIRST CHEMICAL CARCINOGEN 1910 FIRST NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL DISEASES Time Line

Ingestion (uptake) Routes CONTAMINATION IN THE AIR SPILL BREATHING SURFACE SKIN

Air Sampling OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE The factory/workplace Indoor air quality OUR ENVIRONMENT Inner cities Agriculture Pesticides - herbicides, - fungicides INDUSTRIAL Incineration/Waste Stacks and Ducts Power generation

The amount collected is checked by the laboratory and reported usually Air Sample Air is passed through a tube, filter or other collecting media, at a set air flowrate. The amount collected is checked by the laboratory and reported usually in mg/m3 or ppm.

Air Sample To have a valid sample with MEANINGFUL results you will need: to select a relevant sample method to choose the right media to set the correct flow rate to sample for an appropriate time to analyse the sample accordingly + COMMON SENSE!

SAMPLING WHO WHERE WHEN WHAT HOW METHOD

Personal V Static ALL exposure limits are based on PERSONAL SAMPLES 30 cm Hemisphere around the nose and mouth ALL exposure limits are based on PERSONAL SAMPLES And MUST be taken in the Breathing Zone

Aerosol Types of Contaminant Dust Fume Smoke SOLID

Choosing an Air Sampling Method EH 40/2005 - UK guidelines lists M.D.H.S. methods Websites: N.I.O.S.H, O.S.H.A., H.S.E. Supplier information Laboratory advice

Sources of Methods UK Methods - FREE at: www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/mdhs/index.htm - MDHS 42/2 - Purchase HSE books 01787 881165 - Subscription www.hsedirect.com - SKC Factfiles online www.skcinc.com/hse/HSE.asp USA methods www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/toc/toc_chemsamp.html methods – ID121/125G. www.cdc.gov/niosh/database.html-methods - 7300/7301/7303.

Health and Safety Executive Guidelines appear in MDHS 14/3 For Nickel MDHS 42/2 and 91

Sampling for Particulates

ISO/CEN Conventions EN481 THORACIC: UPTO 30 MICRONS RESPIRABLE: UPTO 14 MICRONS

10 mg/m3 Inhalable Dust Affects the whole of the respiratory system 100 micron at 50% cut Blanket level of… 10 mg/m3 Ni = 0.1 or 0.5.mg/m3. Per EH40/2005.

Inhalable Dust sampling The I.O.M. sampler Inhalable sampler Cassette system All collected dust is measured Easily handled No contact with filter Mimics inhalation by a person Multi fraction sampling with foam inserts IOM cassette Transport clip IOM sampler Front Cassette Filter Support O ring Body cover front grid

IOM Cassette IOM Cassette. Cassette and filter are pre and post weighed as a single unit 1.5000

Sample Train Is made up of : Pump Connecting tube Sampler This should be calibrated to a flow of 2 L/min SAMPLER CONNECTING TUBE PUMP

Calibration To Calibrate Switch on pump Connect sampler to calibrator Ensure no leaks Adjust flow to recommended level Switch off pump

Sample train calibration Calibration in the case of air sampling with active systems, is defined as: The setting of the air flow through the filter medium, to the recommended level for the method being used. Flow should be checked before and after EACH sample. (UK MDHS method series)

Electronic Calibration Easy to use Accurate Quick results Not open to misinterpretation More expensive option

Rotameters Cheap option Simple to use Accuracy can vary Open to misreading Come as ‘ball’ or ‘float’ reading FSD

Surface and Skin Monitoring Monitoring the redness, hydration and epidermal waterloss of skin can be a useful measure of exposure Monitor the surfaces where exposure occurs for cleanliness Niosh 9102.

Ventilation Systems Regular checks should be made that your ventilation system is working correctly

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