Socialization: From Infancy to Old Age Chapter Three Socialization: From Infancy to Old Age Society, The Basics 10th Edition John J. Macionis

Social Experience: The Key to Our Humanity Socialization – the lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their _____ ________. Personality – a person’s fairly consistent _______ of acting, thinking, and feeling.

Human Development: Nature and Nurture Sociobiology – the role of nature Elements of society have a _________ root Behaviorism - the role of nurture Most of who and what we are as a species is ______, or social in nature

Human Development: Nature and Nurture Biological Sciences Human Development: Nature and Nurture Charles Darwin’s study of _______ led to the “nature” argument. _____ that enhance survival emerge as a species “nature.”

Human Development: Nature and Nurture Social Sciences Human Development: Nature and Nurture John Watson developed a theory called behaviorism. Behavior is not ________, but _______.

Social Isolation Research with monkeys Harry and Margaret Harlow discovered that infant monkeys left in isolation suffered _______ and ________ damage. Six months of complete _____ was enough to lead to permanent developmental damage.

Social Isolation Studies of isolated children Three children, Anna, Isabelle, and Genie were left in isolation and suffered ________ ___________ _________. Social experience performs a crucial role in forming personality. Without social experience, a child is incapable of ______ or meaningful _____

Understanding Socialization Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud believed that ______ plays a major role in human development. Eros (the life instinct) - covers all the self-preserving and erotic instincts. Thanatos (the death instinct) - covers instincts towards _________ , self-destruction and ________.

Understanding Socialization Sigmund Freud Our _____ ______ or needs as humans are reflected in the concept of id The ego is the element of the personality representing the demands of society, balancing innate pleasure-seeking drives. Culture, in the form of the superego, represses selfish demands and demands that individuals become less ___-_______.

Understanding Socialization Jean Piaget Cognitive Development Understanding Socialization Jean Piaget Jean Piaget studied human cognition, how people think and understand. Piaget identified four stages of cognitive development: (1) The Sensorimotor Stage. (2) The Preoperational Stage. (3) The ______ __________ Stage. (4) The Formal Operational Stage.

Understanding Socialization Jean Piaget Cognitive Development Understanding Socialization Jean Piaget Stages of development Sensorimotor stage Sensory contact understanding Preoperational stage Use of language and other symbols Concrete operational stage Perception of ______ _________ in surroundings Formal operational stage Abstract, critical thinking

Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg Kohlberg studied moral reasoning, the ways individuals judge situations as _____ or _____. Young children experience the world in terms of ____and ________.

Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg Teens lose their sense of selfishness as they align themselves with broader ______ _____. Lastly, individuals begin to think about ethical principles beyond ________ norms.

Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development Understanding Socialization Lawrence Kohlberg Pre-Conventional 1. Obedience & punishment orientation 2. Self-interest orientation Conventional 3. Interpersonal accord and conformity 4. Authority and social-order orientation Post-Conventional 5. Social contract orientation 6. ________ ________ principles

Understanding Socialization Carol Gilligan Gender Development Understanding Socialization Carol Gilligan Gilligan compared the moral development of _____and ____. The two sexes use different standards of _________.

Understanding Socialization Carol Gilligan Gender Development Understanding Socialization Carol Gilligan Boys have a _______ perspective, relying on formal rules. Girls have a ____ and __________ perspective, relying on personal relationships.

Understanding Socialization George Herbert Mead Theory of Social Self Understanding Socialization George Herbert Mead Mead believed social behaviorism explains how _____ ________ creates personality. Mead’s central concept is the self – the part of the individual’s personality composed of ____-_________ and self-image. The origin of the self is in social experience.

Building on the Social Experience Theory of Social Self Understanding Socialization George Herbert Mead Building on the Social Experience Recognizing the ________ other: Widespread norms & ______ people take as their own

Understanding Socialization Charles Horton Cooley Theory of Social Self Understanding Socialization Charles Horton Cooley Cooley used the term the looking-glass self – a self-image based on how we think others see us. Others represent a mirror in which we can see _________. What we think of ourselves depends on what we think ______ think of us.

Understanding Socialization Erik Erikson Stages of Development Understanding Socialization Erik Erikson Erikson felt we face eight _________ throughout the life course. Success at one stage prepares us for meeting the next. He assumes all people meet these challenges at exactly the order presented, in ________ ______.

Understanding Socialization Erik Erikson – 8 Stages Stages of Development Understanding Socialization Erik Erikson – 8 Stages Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority Identity vs. Role Confusion _______ vs. _________ Generativity vs. Stagnation Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Agents of Socialization The family has the _______ ______ on socialization. Social Readjustment Scale

Agents of Socialization Race and Class Racial Identity Social Class Position Obedience & conformity (poor) vs. ____ _________& creativity (rich)

Agents of Socialization Schooling enlarges children’s social world’s to include people with ________ ___________. Socializes children into gender roles.

Agents of Socialization Peer groups – ______ groups whose members have interests, social positions, and ___ in _______.

Agents of Socialization Mass media – ________ communications aimed at a ____ audience.

Agents of Socialization Violence and television 1996: American Medical Association stated _______ on television and films are hard to health 1997: Television rating system adopted

Socialization and the Life Course Learning continues throughout our lives. Globally, _______ is currently becoming shorter. The U.S. and other rich societies extend childhood longer than ____societies.

Socialization and the Life Course Adolescence is often a period of _____ and _________ turmoil.

Socialization and the Life Course Adulthood is characterized by early goal setting and _____ ________.

Socialization and the Life Course Old age begins in the ___-______ in the United States.

Aging and Culture Gerontocracy Elderly have influence and respect in ___-income countries Gerontocracy A form of social organization in which the elderly have the most ______, ______, and prestige

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross Death & Dying – 5 Stages Denial ______ Negotiation Resignation Acceptance

Life Course – Patterns and Variations The life course is a social construction Stages in life are _______ ___________ Cohort – a category of people with something in common (usually their age)

Resocialization: Total Institutions Two million people experience being confined in ______ or mental hospitals.

Resocialization: Total Institutions Total institution – a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff. Resocialization – _______ _______ an inmate’s personality by carefully controlling the environment.