DEATH AND DYING Biological Psychological Social Developmental.

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Presentation transcript:

DEATH AND DYING Biological Psychological Social Developmental

What Causes Aging? What Causes Death?

What Causes Aging? 1. Programmed theories 2. Damage theories Genes Wear and tear

What Causes Aging? PROGRAMMED Theories genetic pre-programmed inevitable universal

What Causes Death? 1. Programmed theories of aging genes turn on & off premature aging endocrine or immune systems directs program

Maximum life span Maximum number of years any member of a species has lived 110 to 120 years (for humans)

What Causes Aging? DAMAGE theories of aging wear & tear disease disuse

What Causes Death (cont)? 2. Damage theories Repair lags behind damage As you age-- damage more easily repair more slowly Evidence Physical: diet, exercise, substance abuse Psychological: stress, activity, outlook

DEATH AND DYING Life expectancy average number of years a newborn can be expected to live 76.5 years (US Census Bureau, 2000)

Society and Death Historical changes in death 1900-average life expectancy= 49 yrs. half of children died, two wives

DEATH AND DYING Males 74.9 68 Females 79.9 75 Caucasian African-American Males 74.9 68 Females 79.9 75 (US Census Bureau, 2000)

Factors which affect life expectancy: nutrition medical care poverty sanitation child birth procedures public health

What Causes Aging? What Causes Death? Aging and Death are processes. Genetics Environment Own activity Biological, psychological, social INTERACTIONS over TIME

Process of Dying Process of Bereavement

Cultural Differences in the Process of Dying Meaning of death Process of dying where? with whom? how?

PROCESS OF DYING Aging & Death: future & past Shift to “years left” Reminisce- satisfied with life Fear decreases as grow older Elderly: comfort in loved ones & achievements

PROCESS OF DYING (cont.) The Experience of Dying 1. Denial and isolation 2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance

PROCESS OF DYING (cont.) Critique and Alternatives 1. Not stages 2. Depends on illness process 3. Individual and social influences

Cultural Differences in BEREAVEMENT 1. Expressions of grief 2. Duration of mourning 3. Continuing relationship with the dead

Bereavement Experience of grieving 1. Shock & numbness 2. Yearning 3. Depression 4. Reorganization (yearly cycle)

GRIEF WORK Perspective Bereavement CHALLENGES to the GRIEF WORK Perspective 1. Confront loss 2. Deal with emotion 3. Detach from person

BEREAVEMENT (cont.) Critique and Alternatives 1. Not stages 2. Depends on loss process 3. Individual and social influences

BEREAVEMENT (cont.) Depends on Loss Process 1. Relationship Parent, spouse, child, friend Closeness, dependency 2. Cause of death On time vs. off-time Preventable, meaningful 3. Supports and stressors

Social Support Helping People who are Dying or Grieving 1. Not easy 2. Remain engaged 3. Respect individuality 4. Take some of the load 5. Patience Hospice care or Professional help

Children Dying and Bereavement Experiences shaped by: 1. Developmental level and tasks. 2. Conception of death. 3. Cultural context. 4. Specific experiences. Parental and social support.

PRESCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN 1. Aware of dying. 2. Show distress indirectly. 3. Few coping strategies (escape). 4. Developmental tasks/ issues: Attachment/ Abandonment. Self-regulation/ Opposition.

SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN 1. Can talk about it more directly. 2. Express distress more directly. 3. Pragmatic coping strategies. 4. Developmental Tasks/ Issues: Peer relationships/ Rejection. Social comparison/ Competencies.

ADOLESCENT CHILDREN 1. Understand all the implications. 2. Distress over lost possibilities. 3. Many coping strategies. 4. Developmental tasks/ issues: Body image/ Appearance. Identity/ Future lost. Autonomy/ Dependence on parents.

Children and Bereavement Understanding of death is consistent with cognitive level.

MATURE CONCEPTION DEATH IS: Final Irreversible Universal Caused by internal processes

INFANTS No concept of death. Temporary grief from separation. Long-term effects depend on replacement.

PRESCHOOL CHILDREN Full-blown attachment Few coping strategies Biggest negative long-term effects

PRESCHOOL CHILDREN Conception of Death Dead retain life functions Death is reversible

SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN Conception of Death Cessation of life Irreversible Universal Not understand causality of death

ADOLESCENCE Mature conception of death

LAST NAME, first name 1. According to theories of PROGRAMMED aging, what causes aging and death? 2. According to DAMAGE theories of aging, what causes aging and death? 3. Name 3 factors that influence how children experience dying and bereavement.

END