© 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction to Human Services: Through the Eyes of Practice Settings, 3rd Edition Michelle E. Martin Chapter 7 Aging and Services for the Older Adult © 2014 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Aging of America: Changing Demographics The aging of the baby boomers 50% increase in human life span the U.S. has experienced during the 20th century There are approximately 40 million people over the age of 65 living in the U.S. Global Financial Crisis © 2014, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Old and Old-Old: A Developmental Perspective Cultural expectations in the United States, such as: Marriage, child rearing, employment, and home ownership: Certainly have an impact on those in early and middle adulthood © 2014, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Old and Old-Old: A Developmental Perspective Just as retirement, increased physical problems, & widowhood have an impact on those in later life Developmental Theories Erik Erikson Daniel Levinson Tornstam Degges-White © 2014, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Approximate age Stage Description of Task Infancy Trust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants (1st year) develop a sense of basic trust. Toddler Autonomy vs. shame Toddlers learn to exercise will and (2nd year) and doubt do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities. Preschooler Initiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks (3-5 years) and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent. Elementary Competence vs. Children learn the pleasure of applying (6 years- inferiority themselves to tasks, or they feel puberty) inferior.

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development Approximate age Stage Description of Task Adolescence Identity vs. role Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by (teens into confusion testing roles and then integrating them to 20s) form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are. Young Adult Intimacy vs. Young adults struggle to form close relation- (20’s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate 40s) love, or they feel socially isolated. Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri- (40s to 60s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose. Late Adult Integrity vs. When reflecting on his or her life, the older (late 60s and despair adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or up) failure.

Old and Old-Old: A Developmental Perspective Developmental Theories Daniel Levinson Reflection Intrinsic values vs. Extrensic © 2014, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Developmental Perspective Tornstam Gerotranscendence – From material to spiritual (existential) External to internal 3 Dimensions of Transcendence Cosmic – view of life and death The Self – from self-centeredness to toward altruism Relationships with others – roles and self ID Degges-White – Life Review – uses gero- transcendence © 2014, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Successful Aging The process of getting the most out of one’s life in later years The aging process seems to discourage high activity levels in virtually all domains © 2014, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Current Issues Affecting Older Adults & Human Service Role Ageism Myths to describe old age Housing Retirement community Government-subsidized older adult housing Homelessness and the Older Adult Population © 2014, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Current Issues Affecting Older Adults & Human Service Role Adjustment to Retirement The Honeymoon Phase Disenchantment Reorientation Stability Termination © 2014, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Current Issues Affecting Older Adults & Human Service Role Grandparents Parenting Very High Depression Rates Dementia Alzheimer’s affects about 5% of Americans 65-74 and 50% over 85 Elder Abuse Elder abuse tends to be grossly underreported © 2014, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2014, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Practice Settings Serving Older Adults Unfortunately working with older adults remains a rather unpopular career pursuit Adult day cares, geriatric assessment units, nursing home facilities Veterans’ services, elder abuse programs, adult protective services, hospices Bereavement services, senior centers © 2014, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.