The Industrial Revolution

Ind. Rev. in England (18 th C.) Industrial rev. triggered by changes in agriculture – Consolidation: wealthy landowners bought up small farmers’ land to make large estates – Enclosures: small sections of larger fields used to experiment, develop new techniques Enclosure developments – Seed drill (Jethro Tull) – Idea of crop rotation – Selective breeding of cattle

Results of Agricultural Advances, in England Agricultural output skyrocketed, supporting population explosion in 18 th -19 th C. – England’s population in 1750 = 5.7 million – England’s population in 1850 = 16.6 million As farms became more efficient (& big business), fewer farm workers needed People moved to the cities, providing ready labor force for new industries springing up

Roots of Industrialization What is industrialization? – Process of developing machine production of goods – Industrialization roots were in England Why England? – Ample “Factors of Production” Land, labor & capital These are required to produce anything – Presence of entrepreneurs

English Roots of Industrialization Why England? – Expanding economy Many private banks Sophisticated methods of lending and financing – Form of government 100+ years of liberty, freedom in a const. monarchy Laissez faire (“hands off”) approach to business, by government – Climate of progress England a dynamic, open society vs. rest of Europe / Russia

Industrial Advancements Textile industry first to industrialize (machines replaced muscle power) – Flying shuttle (1733) – Spinning jenny (1764) – Steam engine (1765) – Spinning mule (1779) – Power loom (1787) – Cotton Gin (1793) New methods – Old technique: piece work – Factory: a place where bulky, expensive machinery – and workers – were brought together Weavers wove faster SJ: process thread Cotton Gin Steam engine

Transportation Advancements Erie Canal: 363 miles long! On water – Steam engine used to propel boats (Steam ship & paddle wheel boat) – Man made canals connected regions otherwise not fed with rivers – Why was river / canal trade better than overland trade?

Transportation Advancements On Land – Macadam road Large rocks on top of smoothed gravel Easier travel, better drainage Allowed travel during rainy seasons – Steam engine led to railroads First RR engine = 1804 First RR line (1821) transported coal to port city Liverpool to Manchester line (1830): 24 MPH train!

Transportation Developments Railroads affected virtually every other industry – Spurred economic growth (cheap way to transport goods) – Created tens of thousands of jobs Coal mining Iron smelting Shipping – Boosted agriculture (get crops to market quicker = higher profits) – Made migration to cities easier – Killed canal industry

Industrial Rev. on Continent Belgium (ca. 1800) – First country to adopt industrial processes from UK – Already had canals, raw materials (textile industry) – Employed skilled British workers – Built machinery, steam engines, railroads on English model

Industrial Rev. on Continent Germany, ca – Imported British ideas, engineers & equipment – German children were sent to UK schools, to learn about industrialization – Germany’s first RRs were built connecting raw materials to manufacturing centers But divisions of German Confederation slowed industrialization

Industrial Rev. on Continent Regional spread of industrialization to rest of Europe – Parts of Spain – Parts of Italy – Parts of Russia – Generally into cities near rivers (why?) France industrialized only after 1830 (what slowed it down?) – Government sponsored dev. of RR after 1850 – How was that different than UK?

Impact of Industrialization Global inequality – Growing gap between industrialized, non- industrialized nations – Outside of Europe / America, no industrialization, anywhere

Impact of Industrialization Economic & Social Inequality – Owners of factories got rich – Workers had hard, dangerous life Imperialism – Result of industrialization – Need for raw materials Where to get them from? – Need for vast markets to sell finished (manufactured) goods Where to sell them? – Thus, industrialized nations took lands of non- industrialized countries for raw materials & sold their people manufactured goods – Result? Even more power to industrialized nations

Impact of Industrialization Economic power was concentrated in the hands of parts of Europe and America Asian & African economies, based on agriculture and small work shops, were no match for industrialized Europe