Population Around the World 1

What is population distribution? 2

“Population distributions are descriptions of locations on the Earth’s surface where individuals or groups live.” 3

What factors influence Population Distribution? Environmental factors- What type of natural resources are in the area? Does it have oil, or arable land or access to water? What is the climate like? Does it have capital resources such as transportation and technology?

Economic factors- Political factors- What is the economic development like? What are the resources like? Political factors- What is the government policy? Are there many conflicts? Is it a rural/urban area?

Two-thirds of the World’s Population is concentrated in four specific areas. 6

1) What kind of map is this? East Asia 7

South Asia 8

Southeast Asia 9

Europe 10

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION Almost 90% of the world’s population lives in the Northern Hemisphere About 66% live between 20°N & 60°N latitude because of the suitable climate and vegetation

How do you measure population? 12

“Population Density is the number of people occupying an area of land 13

POPULATION Until 2003 more than 50% of the world’s population lived in rural areas, but by May 2007 that number changed United Nations estimates predict the world will be 53% urban by 2015; 60% urban by 2030 U.S. is about 82% urban (Changed in late 1910’s)

POPULATION DENSITY US population density, according to 2011 census estimates, was 88 people per square mile Alaska was lowest with 1.3 people per square mile New Jersey was largest with 1189 people per square mile

World population density is 115 people per sq. mile Asia is the continent with the greatest population density (203/sq.mile); North America 32; Australia 6.4 World population density is 115 people per sq. mile

What are the characteristics of human populations? Birth and Death rates- How many people per 1000 are born or die in a year? Age Distribution-- How many people are in each age category?

Male/Female distribution-- Are there more males or more females? Why? Life Expectancy-- How old can you expect to live? Infant Mortality-- How many children die before their first birthday?

Urban /Rural-- GDP-- Ethnicity-- Where do most people live? In the city/country? GDP-- Is the country’s GDP high or low? Ethnicity-- Does the population have one dominate ethnicity or many and do they get along?

Language-- Do the people speak one language or do they have multiple languages? Religion-- Do the people share the same religion or do they have multiple ones? Education-- Are the people highly educated? Can they read & write

What factors influence population growth rates? Does the country have modern medicine and hygiene practices? What is the level of the average education? Is the country industrialized and do the people live in urban areas?

What is the level of economic development What is the level of economic development? Does the country have a primary, secondary, or tertiary economy? What is the government’s policy toward growth? Are there any restrictions? What role do women play in the society?

How do you measure population change? 23

“You can measure population change through the Birth Rate, the Death Rate, the Fertility Rate, Infant Mortality rate and Life Expectancy.” 24

1) Where is the CBR the highest. 2) Why is it so low in China 1) Where is the CBR the highest? 2) Why is it so low in China? 3) What can this data tell us about the CBR rate and country development? The Birth Rate is the total number of live births a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. 25

1) Where is the CDR the highest. 2) Why is it so high in Russia 1) Where is the CDR the highest? 2) Why is it so high in Russia? 3) Why is this map so different from the CBR map? The Death Rate is the total number of deaths a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society. 26

BIRTH AND DEATH RATES World average birthrate is 19.2 per thousand Highest birthrate is in Niger with about 48 per thousand Lowest birthrate is in Monaco with 6.85 per thousand

1) Where is TFR the highest. 2) Where is it the lowest 1) Where is TFR the highest? 2) Where is it the lowest? 3) What might attribute to these numbers? The Fertility Rate is the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years. 28

FERTILITY RATES A fertility rate of 2.1 is necessary just to replace the current population Worldwide average fertility rate is about 2.56

1) Where is IMR the highest. 2) Where is it the lowest 1) Where is IMR the highest? 2) Where is it the lowest? 3) What might attribute to these numbers? The Infant Mortality Rate is the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year compared with total live births. 30

1) Where is Life Expectancy the highest. 2) Where is it the lowest 1) Where is Life Expectancy the highest? 2) Where is it the lowest? 3) What might attribute to these numbers? 4) Anything surprising? Life Expectancy measures the average number of years a newborn can expect to live at current morbidity levels. 31

POPULATION By 1999 the world’s population hit 6 Billion people (1 billion in early 1800’s) World hit 7 Billion in October 2011 World population is increasing at a rapid rate As the world industrialized, more & better food and improved sanitation methods caused population to soar

POPULATION Geographers use a Population Pyramid to examine how events in society (wars, epidemics, famines) affect the population of a country or region

What is a population pyramid? 34

“A population pyramid is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups as well as the sex ratio, the number of males per hundred females and the dependency ratio, the number of people who are too old or too young to work. 35

What is a population pyramid? Vertical Axis - Age Groups Elderly dependents Working population Young dependents Horizontal Axis – Percentage / number

How to read a population pyramid? Read the title e.g. country or city or racial group Comment on general shape of the pyramid Note the proportion of people in various age groups Note the sex ratio Interpret the data

Types of Population Pyramid 1. Triangular-shaped 2. Beehive-shaped Pyramid 3. Rectangular-shaped Pyramid Shape of pyramids is controlled by births, deaths, & migrations.

Triangular-shaped Pyramid (Broad-based Pyramid)

Broad-based Pyramid Title: India, 2000 Shape: Broad Base - high birth rates Narrow Top - small elderly pop - high death rate Proportion: - Large proportion of young - high young dependency ratio Sex Ratio: Balance pyramid - Balance sex ratio

Indonesia 2000 Malaysia 2000

Beehive-shaped Pyramid

Beehive-shaped Pyramid Title: Singapore, 2000 Shape: Rocket-shaped / Narrow Base – Low Birth Rates, Slow pop growth Proportion: Large proportion of working population, 15-59 yr old - large group of economically active pop Sex Ratio: Balanced pyramid

Hong Kong 2000 Taiwan 2000

Rectangular-shaped Pyramid

Rectangular Pyramid Title: Netherlands, 2000 Shape: Rectangular-shaped - Zero Pop Growth Narrow Base - Low Birth Rates - Life-expectancy is high e.g. 80+ - Low death rates Proportion: Bars of equal length - Balance Proportion Sex Ratio: Balance pyramid - Balance Sex Ratio

UK 2000 Netherlands 2000

Population Pyramids in Transition

Each pyramid tells a story about the past, present & future of a country & its people.

Importance of Population Pyramids Policy Planning ~ future housing estates ~ future schools ~ future jobs Comparison with other countries ~ developed (US) vs developing (India)

Demographic Transition Model Population Growth Stages Stage 1> pre-industrial society Stage 2> developing country Stage 3> urbanization Stage 4> Stability

Stage 1 – Pre-industrial society Birth and death rates - very high Population Growth - very slow All human population is believed to have been in this stage until the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century Death Rate Birth Rate Population

Stage 2 Death rates - drop rapidly Birth rates - stays very high improvements in food supply & sanitation, increases life spans and reduce disease. Birth rates - stays very high Population Growth – Large, rapid increase Death Rate Population

Stage 3 Birth rates - fall Death rates - begin to drop due to access to contraception, increases in wages, urbanization, a reduction in subsistence agriculture, an increase in the status and education of women, a reduction in the value of children's work, an increase in parental investment in the education of children and other social changes. Death rates - begin to drop Population growth - begins to level off. Population

Stage 4 Birth rates & death rates – low Population Growth – level Birth rates may drop to well below replacement level leading to a shrinking population. Population Growth – level By the late 20th century, birth rates and death rates in developed countries leveled off at lower rates & some are decreasing

Population Growth Stages Stage 1- birthrates and death rates are high, but equal, so little population growth Stage 2- decrease in death rate but birth rate remains high, so rapid population growth Stage 3- birthrates and death rates are equal, but low, so population grows slowly Stage 4- birthrates and death rates drop to very low level and population is high and stable