Immigrant Numbers at Peak -- Percentage is Not 14.8 Percent 34.2 Million (2004 CPS) 4.7 Percent Million 13.5 Percent 11.9 Percent (2004)

* Additional immigrants are mostly illegals and legalized aliens Europe/Canada (Legal) Additional* All Other (Legal) (est.) ? st Century: Current In-Flows Are Very High

Most Unautorized Source: “The Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S.”, Pew Hispanic Center, Research Report, March 7, 2006.

Legal Status of immigrants Source: “The Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S.”, Pew Hispanic Center, Research Report, March 7, 2006.

Unauthorized, families Source: “The Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S.”, Pew Hispanic Center, Research Report, March 7, 2006.

Unauthorized, mixed families Source: “The Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S.”, Pew Hispanic Center, Research Report, March 7,2006.

Unauthorized, source Source: “The Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S.”, Pew Hispanic Center, Research Report, March 7, 2006.

DEMOGRAPHICS --IN THE 1990’s, UNDOCUMEENTED IMMIGRANTS GREW BY 770,000 PER YEAR --IN THE 2000’s, THE NUMBER HAS DECLINED TO 550,000 --COUNTRY NEEDS AN INFLUX OF NEW PEOPLE BECAUSE BABY-BOOMERS ARE TURNING 65 Source:NEW YORK TIMES, MARCH 2, 2008

DEMOGRAPHICS, APPREHENSIONS --BETWEEN OCT. 1, 2007 AND MARCH 31, 2008, APPREHENTIONS DROPPED BY 17% TO 347,372 --IN THE YUMA AZ SECTOR, THEY DROPPED BY 76% TO 5,909 --BORDER ARRESTS HAVE BEEN FALLING FOR TWO YEARS Source: WALL STREET JOURNAL, APRIL 9, 2008

DEMOGRAPHICS, APPREHENSIONS --TWO-THIRDS OF ALL UNDOCUMENTED ARE FROM MEXICO --COYOTE CHARGES $3,500 PER PERSON, UP FROM $350 IN EARLY ”APPREHENSIONS” IS A LEADING ECONOMIC INDICATOR BILLION SENT IN REMITTSANCES IN 2007, A 7% GROWTH, BUT FIRST YEAR THAT GROWTH WAS NOT DOUBLE DIGITS Source: WALL STREET JOURNAL, APRIL 9, 2008

DEMOGRAPHICS, VISA OVERSTAYERS --45% OF 12 MIILION UNDOCUMENTED ARE VISA ‘OVERSTAYERS’ --400,OOO FROM EUROPE --280,000 FROM THE PHILLIPINES --270,000 FROM INDIA --250,00 FROM KOREA --190,000 FROM CHINA --160,000 FROM VIETNAM Source: WALL STREET JOURNAL, APRIL 10, 2008

POLITICS --HAZELTON, PA WAS FIRST CITY TO ENACT LOCAL ORDINANCES PROHIBITING BUSINESSES FROM HIRING UNDOCUMENTED WORKERS AND PHOHIBITING LANDLORDS FROM RENTING TO UNDOCUMENTED. --FEDERAL JUDGE RULED IT UNCONSTITUTIONAL, BUT IS UNDER APPEAL --OTHER JUDGES HAVE RULED IN FAVOR OF SIMILAR ORDINANCES --SUPREME COURT WILL LIKELY TAKE UP CASES AND ISSUE RULING THIS YEAR OR NEXT

STATES’ IMMIGRATION LEGISLATION

POLITICS --AGJOBS BILL, PROVIDES PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP FOR INDIVIDUALS WORKING IN AGRICULTURE AND STAY IN THAT WORK FOR SOME PERIOD OF TIME. --DREAM ACT, ALLOWS FOR UNDOCUMENTED STUDENTS AS WELL AS PEOPLE THAT SERVE IN THE US MILITARY TO QUALIFY FOR IN-STATE-TUITION AND ENTER A PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP AFTER COLLEGE --COMPREHENSIVE IMMIGRATION REFORM, PROVIDES FOR PATHWAY TO CITIZENSHIP FOR THE ROUGHLY 11 TO 12 MILLION UNDOCUMENTED PEOPLE IN OUR COUNTRY, BORDER SECURITY, FAMILY INIFICATION, AND EMPLOYER SANCTIONS. WHAT WILL HAPPEN AND WHY?

VISA PROGRAMS 1.)TEMPORARY RESIDENCE STATUS = “STUDENT VISA” 2.) PERMANENT RESIDENCE STATUS = “GREEN CARD” 3.) NATURALIZED CITIZEN = CITIZEN 4.) H-2-A = TEMPORARY AGRICULTURAL WORKERS 5.) H-1-B = SKILLED WORKERS 6.) H-2-B = SEASONAL UNSKILLED

VISA PROGRAMS THERE ARE VISA PROGRAMS BEGINNING WITH “A” UP TO “U”, BUT MOST ARE VERY NARROWLY DEFINED

VISA PROGRAMS, GREEN CARD --VERY DIFFICULT TO OBTAIN --CURRENT WAIT IS ABOUT 12- YRS. --ANCHOR BABY IS A MYTH MILLION IN US --FEES INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY THIS PAST YEAR

VISA PROGRAMS, GREEN CARD There were 1,266,264 immigrants who were granted legal residence in 2006, up from 849,807 in Source:

GREEN CARDS, Sending Countries, 2006 Mexico = 173,753 China = 87,345 Philippines = 74,607 India = 61,369 Cuba = 45,614 Colombia = 43,151 Dominican Republic = 38,069 El Salvador = 31,783 Vietnam = 30,695 Jamaica = 24,976 South Korea = 24,386 Guatemala = 24,146 Other countries = 606,370 Source:

VISA PROGRAMS, CITIZEN --A MILLION PETITIONS WERE IN THE PIPELINE BY THE END OF DECEMBER CURRENT PROJECTIONS ARE FOR 16 TO 18- MONTHS TO PROCESS --THIS DESPITE A FEE INCREASE OF 80% THAT WAS SUPPOSE TO `SPEED UP’ THE PROCESS --LATINO GROUPS ARE SUING THE GOVERNMENT TO SPEED UP SO THAT PEOPLE CAN VOTE ON NOV. ELECTIONS SOURCE: NEW YOK TIMES, MARCH 7, 2008

VISA PROGRAMS, CITIZEN --IN 1996, NATURALIZATIONS REACHED 1,000,000 AND HAVE REMAINED ABOVE 450,000 EACH YEAR SINCE. SOURCE: NEW YOK TIMES, APRIL 12, 2008

VISA PROGRAMS, H-2-A --CREATED IN 1986 BY THE IMMIGRATION REFORM AND CONTROL ACT OF 1986, IRCA --FOR SEASONAL AND TEMPORARY AGRICULTURAL WORKERS --DEPARTMENT OF LABOR HAS TO CERTIFY AS WELL AS ROLE FOR STATE WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD --HISTORICALLY, SUGAR CANE AND APPLE INDUSTRIES RELIED HEAVILY ON THIS PROGRAM

VISA PROGRAMS, H-1-B --CREATED IN FOR HIGHLY SKILLED WORKERS --CAPPED AT 65,000 PLUS 20,000 FOR MS AND PHD’S FROM US UNIVERSITIES --REACHED CAP IN A WEEK --WILL ISSUE THROUGH LOTTERY SOURCE: WALL STREET JOURNAL, APRIL 1, 2008

VISA PROGRAMS, H-2-B --CREATED IN 1991 FOR SEASONL NON- AGRICULTURAL WORKERS --INITIAL LAW LIMITS VISAS TO 33,000 FOR WINTER AND 33,000 FOR SUMMER --EACH YEAR SINCE PASSAGE, WAIVERS HAVE BEEN ISSUED BY CONGRESS TO DO AWAY WITH CAP. --IN 2005 RETURNING WORKERS BECAME EXEMPT FROM CAP WITH THE PASSAGE OF THE SAVE OUR SMALL AND SEASONAL BUSINESSES ACT --THE SAVE OUR SMALL AND SEASONAL BUSINESSES ACT EXPIRED ON SEPTEMBER 30, ‘07 SOURCE: NEW YORK TIMES, MARCH 41, 2008

VISA PROGRAMS, H-2-B --THIS YEAR CONGRESSIONAL HISPANIC CAUCUS HAS BLOCKED THE WAIVER TO PUT PRESSURE ON FOR COMPREHENSIVE IMMIGRATION REFORM --LAST YEAR, 120,000 VISAS WERE ISSUED --LANDSCAPE INDUSTRY IN OHIO EMPLOYS 3,000 WORKERS --THE DELLS EMPLOYS H-2-B’s --MEXICO IS LARGEST SOURCE OF H-2B’s = 85,000 LAST YR..JAMAICA IS SECOND WITH 14,000 SOURCE: NEW YORK TIMES, MARCH 41, 2008

THE BORDER --THE SECURE FENCE ACT OF 2006 AUTHORIZES THE CONSTRUCTION OF 700 MILES OF FENCE. --SECRETARY CHERTOFF ISSUED WAIVERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS FOR 470 MILES OF BORDER. --FACES SUPREME COURT REVIEW SOURCE: NEW YORK TIMES, APRIL 2, 2008

THE BORDER --THERE ARE ROUGHLY 15,400 BORDER PATROL AGENTS NOW AND 18,000 BY IN 2001, THERE WERE 9,000 AGENTS --COST OF PROGRAM IS IS QUITE SIGNIFICANT SOURCE; NEW YORK TIMES FEBRUARY 23, 2008

THE BORDER --2 BILLION INVESTMENT ON BORDER ENFORCEMENT PROJECTS IN 2008 AND NEW FEDERAL PROSECUTERS IN BORDER STATES --PROSECUTERS HAVE FILED MISDEMEANOR CHARGES AGAINS T UNDOCUMNETED, HOLDING MOST IN JAIL --IN YUMA, AZ, 1,200 PROSECUTIONS HAVE TAKEN PLACE IN LAST THREE MONTHS AND APPREHENSIONS DROPPED BY 70% --IN LAREDO TX, APPREHENSIONS DROPPED BY 33% AFTER 45-DAYS WHEN PROSECUTIONS BEGAN SOURCE; NEW YORK TIMES FEBRUARY 23, 2008

POLICE AS ENFORCERS --THE 287(g) PROGRAM AUTHORIZES HOMELAND SECURITY TO `DEPUTIZE’ LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT TO CARRY OUT IMMIGRATION LAW MATTERS --REQUIRES FEDERAL OVERSIGHT --MARICOPA COUNTY [PHOENIX] HAS THE LARGEST 187(g) PROGRAM, 160 OFFICERS --OFfICERS CAN ASK FOR `PAPERS’ DURING A ROUTINE TRAFFIC STOP --MAYOR OF PHOENIX OPPOSES PROGRAM SOURCE: NEW YORK TIMES APRIL 9, 2008

NO MATCH LETTERS --ISSUED IN 2007, BUT FEDERAL COURT ISSUED INJUNCTION TO STOP. --FIRST TIME SS COMPUTERS ARE USED FOR IMMIGRATION PURPOSES --HOMELAND SECURITY RE-ISSUED PROPOSAL ON WEEK OF MARCH 17, 2008 SOURCE: NEW YORK TIMES MARCH 27, 2008

NO MATCH LETTERS --EMPLOYER HAS 90-DAYS AFTER RECEIVING A LETTER TO VERIFY LEGAL STATUS --IF LEGAL STATUS CANNOT BE VERIFIED, THEN EMPLOYER MUST FIRE EMPLOYEE OR BE SUBJECT TO FINES --SS INSPECTOR GENERAL ESTIMATES THAT 17.8 OF THE 435 MILLION RECORDS HAVE ERRORS SOURCE: NEW YORK TIMES MARCH 27, 2008

REAL ID, FEDERAL LAW REQUIRING ALL STATES TO BE COMPLIANT IN ISSUING DRIVERS’ LICENSE. --EACH STATE HAD TO PASS ENABLING LEGISLATION. --TO OBTAIN NEW OR RENEW, APPLICANT MUST SHOW PROOF OF LEGAL STATUS. --ALL STATES MUST BE ISSUING COMPLIANT LICENSES BY JAN. 1, 2010

Review Questions 1.) What statistic do you think is more appropriate in assessing the impact of immigration into the US; absolute numbers or the percentage of the total US population that immigrants represent? 2.) Why is the Hazelton, PA case important? 3.) What’s the difference between an H-2-A and an H-2-B visa? 4.) Roughly, how many miles of fencing has already been built along the US/Mexico border? 5.) What’s the 287(g) program? 6.) What’s RealID?