The Civil War 1861-1865

Focus Questions What were the goals of both the North and South? What advantages did each side have? What was the significance of each battle discussed? What were the consequences of this war?

Beginning of War America Divided Between 1860 and 1861, 11 states seceded from the Union In 1861, Americans began to fight the worst war our nation had ever known. Families and friends became divided, not knowing which side to support Families and friends fought against each other… Mary, Lincoln’s wife, had brothers fighting for the Union

Lincoln’s decision Southern states wanted to leave the Union peacefully and form the Confederate States of America Southerners felt very different from the North and believed that they could not remain part of the U.S. Lincoln did not want to go to war, but felt he had no choice. His goal was to keep the Union together….

What is President Lincoln saying here? During Lincoln’s inaugural speech, he asked the Union to rejoin the Union… “We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection.” What is President Lincoln saying here? But within a few weeks, the north and south were at war.

1861

Fort Sumter Belonged to the U.S. army, even though it was in South Carolina Confederate states wanted control of Fort Sumter Lincoln said no and he sent supplies to the union soldiers who were protecting it In April, 1861, fighting began Confederate soldiers attacked Fort Sumter Union soldiers quickly ran out of ammunition and surrendered Confederates won the first battle Fort Sumter then Fort Sumter today Fort Sumter movie

Significance of Fort Sumter Battle First battle of Civil War No casualties (deaths) Led to false beliefs that this would be a quick war

Goals of North and South Fighting to keep the Union together South Fighting to have their own, independent nation Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis

Advantages of each side-make predictions North South Advantages ? Disadvantages

Evaluating the North and South Advantages of North and South-Reading

Advantages of each side North South Advantages 4 times as many soldiers Larger population-23 million people More money Farms grew more food More factories More railroads North produced its own weapons ammunition and supplies Used railroads to move troops and supplies Had the passion for fighting to have their own nation Most fighting occurred on their own land Excellent generals-Robert E. Lee Disadvantages Didn’t have the same passion as south Fighting in unknown territories Less than 9 million people Had less food Fewer factories Fewer soldiers Fewer railroads

Railroad Lines in 1860 movie

CIVIL WAR STRATEGIES Planning and paying for the War North’s plan The Anaconda Plan Wanted to crush prey to death (South) Blockade the South Split the Confederacy by gaining control of the Mississippi River Capture Richmond, the Confederate capital Northern ships would blockade southern ports to stop confederacy from receiving supplies Prevent South from selling cotton Congress passed income tax laws and sold war bonds

South’s plan Fight a defensive war Would defend land and wait for Union to get tired and then surrender Hopeful that Great Britain would provide them with supplies Confederacy placed taxes on many different products and sold war bonds

First Battles

First Battle of Bull Run First major battle July 21, 1861 30,000 Union soldiers against 22,000 confederate soldiers Union expected quick win and started winning, but confederates ended up winning Confederates led by “Stonewall Jackson”-one of South’s best generals Civilians came out to watch! Significance- Union knows this will be a long war

Battle of Shiloh Fought in Shiloh, Tennessee April 6, 1862 Bloodiest battle yet Almost 10,000 wounded or dead Union soldiers 1,728 dead Over 8,000 wounded Union victory

Battle of Antietam Bloodiest single battle in U.S. history Over 2,000 Union soldiers dead and more than 9,000 wounded 1,500 confederate soldiers dead and more than 7,800 wounded General Lee’s battle plans lost and found by Union soldiers Significance-Confederate loss, which meant General Lee couldn’t convince Great Britain to aide them in the war effort

Emancipation Proclamation Because the Union won an important battle, Lincoln believed it was time to act on the issue of slavery Wrote the “Emancipation Proclamation” Stated that after January 1, 1863, all enslaved people in states that were at war with the Union in the Confederacy, would be emancipated, or freed. This made southern African Americans very happy However, the Emancipation Proclamation did not free slaves in border states, territories captured by Union forces, or in the Confederacy.

Significance of Emancipation Proclamation Gave Union soldiers important reasons to fight-ending slavery and saving the Union Encouraged enslaved African Americans to escape from their owners and join the Union army Great Britain and other foreign nations decided not to aid the Confederacy when they heard the Union was trying to stop slavery.

Different Americans fighting for the Union Thousands of enslaved Africans joined the Union army 440,000 immigrants from Ireland, Germany, Italy, Sweded, Poland, etc. 10,000 hispanic americans 6,000 jewish americans

Battle of Gettysburgh Lee decided to attack the north in hopes of getting them to surrender Lee led 75,000 troops and the North led 90,000 troops and they met at Gettysburgh, PA on July 1, 1863 Lasted three horrible days Huge losses for both sides-Union lost 23,000 and the confederates lost 28,000 Lee went back to Virginia Too many losses for South and they couldn’t replace all the men Army was never that strong again Route General Lee took when headed into Gettysburgh

Gettysburgh Address Abraham Lincoln made an address at Gettysburgh shortly after the loss of so many lives Gettysburgh movie What was the purpose of the speech? How did Lincoln feel about his speech? How did others’ feel about the address? What did his speech mean?

Capture of Vicksburgh Union’s goal was to get full control of the Mississippi River Confederates would then not be able to move their supplies Needed to capture Vicksburgh, Miss Order Grant (Union general) to take control of Vicksburgh Eventually the Union captured Vicksburgh by completely surrounding them and withholding all supplies until they literally were starving to death

Capture of Port Hudson With this capture, the Union controlled the entire Mississippi River Confederacy was now split Without this river, the South could not not get food from Texas and Arkansas Capture of Vicksburgh and Gettysburgh were turning points in the Civil war Confederate army not ready to surrender, but they couldn’t win the war

Sherman’s March to the Sea Southern’s viewpoint of Sherman’s march Grant (union) now commanded more than 500,000 soldiers Goal was to crush the South to make it impossible for the Confederates to continue fighting Grant sent Sherman to capture the city of Atlanta, Georgia He attacked manufacturing and railroad centers Captured Georgia and set it on fire-completely destroyed the city Actions called total war-to destroy anything the south could use to continue the war Sherman then captured Savannah, Georgia Burned animals, houses, barns, bridges and roads As a result, people HATED the north, but they did finally surrender Sherman’s movie