SMUCSE 8394 Border and Transportation Security (BTS) Introduction

SMUCSE 8394 The Premise Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Vision: –Preserving our freedoms, protecting America... we secure our homeland. Mission: –We will lead the unified national effort to secure America. We will prevent and deter terrorist attacks and protect against and respond to threats and hazards to the nation. We will ensure safe and secure borders, welcome lawful immigrants and visitors, and promote the free-flow of commerce.

SMUCSE 8394 DHS – Strategic Goals Awareness Prevention Protection Response Recovery Service Organizational excellence Strategic Plan - Download

SMUCSE 8394 Major Directorates of DHS

SMUCSE 8394 DHS Organizational Chart Secretary Deputy Secretary Under Secretary Science and Technology Under Secretary Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Under Secretary Border & Transportation Security Under Secretary Emergency Preparedness and Response Under Secretary Management Inspector General Director of the Secret Service (1) Commandant of Coast Guard (1) Director, Bureau of Citizenship & Immigration Services (1) General Counsel State and Local Coordination Special Assistant to the Secretary (private sector) National Capital Region Coordination Shared Services Citizenship & Immigration Service Ombudsman (1) Legislative Affairs Public Affairs Civil Rights and Civil Liberties Chief of Staff Privacy Officer Executive Secretary International Affairs Counter Narcotics Small & Disadvantaged Business

SMUCSE 8394 BTS Directorate Why border and transportation together? –Can you see computer security without network security? Homeland security starts at border –Border security does not start at the border –Border security does not end at the border –Air, sea, and land transportation networks extend borders outward and inward

SMUCSE 8394 Confounding Issues of BTS Economical –Borders and ports are not just "openings" to be secured. They are economic doors that must remain open –We must not "shut down" our economy in order to save it! –If you shut down the borders you would achieve one thing that the terrorist could not – destroy our economy Political –Neighbor politics, International politics, electorate politics Humane –Asylums, profiling, immigration Ethical –Privacy vs. security (PNR etc), profiling Strategic –International students, work force, tech transfer

SMUCSE 8394 How Vast is Our Borders? 5525 mile border with Canada 1989 mile border with Mexico Maritime border –9500 miles of shoreline’ –3.4 million square miles of exclusive economic zone 500 million people legally enter –330 million non-citizens –85% of them via land Enormous volume of trade –1.35 trillion in imports (2001) –1.3 trillion in exports

SMUCSE 8394 National Vision for Secure Border Single entity (DHS) to manage who and what enters our border –To prevent terrorists and instruments of terror –Facilitating legal flow of people, goods, and services DHS and partners will extend BTS to abroad –To the extend allowed by technology, and international agreements Swift action by Federal agencies against violators Partnership between US govt., international communities, and private sector to secure transportation systems which link the US to the world

SMUCSE 8394 Major Initiatives Ensure Accountability in BTS Create “smart borders” Increase the security of international shipping containers Implement the aviation and transportation security act Re-capitalize the US coast guard Reform immigration services

SMUCSE 8394 Initiatives (Cont’d) Ensure Accountability in BTS –Principal agencies under one department (DHS) INS US Custom Service US coast guard Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service TSA (Transportation Security Agency) –Control issuance of visa –Coordinate border-control activities all agencies outside the department

SMUCSE 8394 Initiatives (Cont’d) Create “smart borders” –Border of the future Continuum framed by land, sea, and air dimensions (as opposed to Linear Borders of today) Layered management for greater visibility of vehicles, people, and goods crossing the border Greater security through better intelligence, coordinated national effort and international cooperation Increasingly transparent to efficient flow of people, goods, and conveyances

SMUCSE 8394 Smart Borders (cont’d)

SMUCSE 8394 Smart Borders (cont’d) International cooperation to improve travel documents –Visa issuance against threat assessment based on comprehensive databases –Biometric information –Tracking of people inside the country –Systems in place: US-VISIT: US Visit and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology SEVIS: Student and Exchange Visitor Information System

SMUCSE 8394 Initiatives (Cont’d) Increase the security of international shipping containers Containers represent indispensable weak link in the chain of global trade 90% of world cargo moves by container 50% of (in value) of US imports arrive in 16 million containers –Security criteria to identify high-risk containers Technology to inspect high-risk containers Technology to develop smart, secure containers –Container Security Initiatives (CSI)

SMUCSE 8394 CSI U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) CSI team works in the host country with the host government to identify and target for pre-screening containers that may pose a risk for terrorism. Host government conducts the inspection while the US CSI team observes. Low-risk and CSI-pre-screened containers enter without additional delay unless more information dictates otherwise. CSI both increases security and facilitates flow of legitimate trade.

SMUCSE 8394 Initiatives (Cont’d) Implement the aviation and transportation security act –Fundamental change in performing and managing transportation security –Partnership between federal, state, and local govts. and private sector –Emphasis on Commercial aviation and mass-transport system Hazardous and explosive material Surety of transportation operators and workers Information sharing

SMUCSE 8394 Initiatives (Cont’d) Re-capitalize the US coast guard –Provide sufficient resources commensurate with multiple missions National defense Maritime safety and mobility Protection of natural resources

SMUCSE 8394 Initiatives (Cont’d) Reform immigration services –Better control on “no-man’s land” –Fair and fluent admission policies –Recognize the importance of the labor force –Recognize the economic impact Other border conundrums –Drug traffickers know more about the border than the patrol –If we cannot stop the drug traffickers, how can we stop terrorists –New identification at south border – OTMs More people (first) and better technology (second) needed –Desirable no. estimated at 40,000 with their own aviation, maintenance, logistics –Shift in paradigm, they are not just stopping migrants, rather saving lives

SMUCSE 8394 Some Support Initiatives ABC – Arizona Border Control –Use of UAVs –Increase in number of agents (+400) TRIP – Transit and Rail Inspection Pilot –Looking only for explosives MANPADS - man-portable air defense systems –Bringing military solution to commercial aircraft –Current solutions may not be practical in a heavily populated area Nexus and FAST –Expedites frequent travelers and pre-cleared trucks across the border

SMUCSE 8394 Support Initiatives (cont’d) C-TPAT : Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism –Companies secure supply chain through suggested, intense security practices –Benefits include reduced inspection, fast lane services etc. VACIS: mobile device that uses gamma rays to inspect containers, tankers and trucks for contraband –Other hand-held radiation detectors for every inspector –Non-intrusive inspection systems, isotope based, acoustic etc.

SMUCSE 8394 Support Initiatives (cont’d) CAPPS II: Computer Assisted Passenger Pre-Screening System –Passengers will be color coded (G,Y,R) –Controversial due to several concerns TOPOFF II: Top Official –Bi-annual exercise (2000, 03?, 05) –Part of National Exercise Program (NEP)

SMUCSE 8394 Operation Liberty Shield Catch-all comprehensive national plan designed to increase protection –Increased security at borders –Stronger transportation protections –Ongoing measures to disrupt threats against our nation –Greater protections for critical infrastructure and key assets –Increased public health preparedness –Federal response resources positioned and ready

SMUCSE 8394 BTS Technology Perspective

SMUCSE 8394 What’s the Problem? 2-3% of the containers rumored to be inspected 200% increase in workforce needed for border patrol to be fully functional Unacceptable rate of missed detections and false positives in transportation and border security measures Abundance of data, dearth of inference Lack of information sharing Expensive, often dysfunctional, technologies Excessive delays

SMUCSE 8394 Boon of Technology Resource multiplication –Through better sensing, detection, and surveillance –Quick information gathering and distribution –Automation of various steps in the security cycle –Commiditization of the BTS infrastructure More and better eyes, ears, brains

SMUCSE 8394 Bane of Technology Too much technology Expensive technologies Technology for the sake of technology Demanding technologies Race to cash in the early fervor Lack of standards creating interoperability issues Non-functional technology worse that not having it Commercialization channels reaching terrorists

SMUCSE 8394 What is Needed Cost-effective new technologies –To achieve all the promises –To stay ahead of the miscreants Prediction Initial curve Proper independent evaluation Standardization for interoperability Process for deployment, maintenance, and upgrade

SMUCSE 8394 Our View of Technology Layers

SMUCSE 8394 Specific Technologies Devices –Scanners and sensors –Electronic seals on cargo containers –Smart video camera systems –Radiological detectors –Other hazard free technologies Radiological hazardous to workers Hazard free techs such as Acoustic, isotope based, tetra- hertz, and neutron beam detectors Vapor sensors Micro-motion sensors RF-IDs

SMUCSE 8394 Technologies (cont’d) Reliable data collection and distribution –Sensor networks –Wired and wireless network –Satellite channels –Mobile-ad hoc networks –Secure, reliable, and easy information sharing

SMUCSE 8394 Technologies (cont’d) Information analysis –Admittedly the biggest vulnerability –Rare event detection –Anomaly detection –Outlier detection –Data mining –Predictive techniques

SMUCSE 8394 Rest of the Course Initiatives Technologies Products Players Student participation